复合式渗流试验装置对微污染河道水的脱氮除磷研究

针对微污染河道水体的水质特点,考察了复合式渗流试验装置对此类河道水的处理效能。试验结果表明:在10 cm/d和20 cm/d水力负荷条件下,两个阶段TN的平均去除率分别为36.34%、28.53%;TN平均出水浓度分别为6.15,12.45 mg/L;TP的平均去除率分别为90.86%、64.15%;TP平均出水浓度分别为0.05,0.42 mg/L。氮的去除主要发生在前两个格室,前两个格室填充的腐木作为补充碳源,有利于微生物的反硝化脱氮作用;磷的去除主要发生在后两个格室,原因是后两个格室填充了水泥砖块,水泥砖块对磷具有较好的吸附性能,但随着时间的推移,系统的除磷能力会因填料对磷的吸附饱和而逐渐下降,故需要及时更换填料。     

中外垃圾土体渗透系数试验对比分析

从试验数据、试验方法 2个方面总结归纳了关于现有垃圾填埋场渗透系数的国内外试验,并且通过对比国内外渗透系数的一系列试验成果,分析了国内外渗透系数试验在基础数据、试验方法多样性方面的优劣。以此为基点,对未来国内岩土工程发展方向提出了建议。     

19世纪末以来中国洪涝灾害变化及影响因素研究

基于1880年以来全国洪灾灾情、耕地面积以及东部地区年降水量数据,采用EMD分解、MK趋势和突变检验与相关分析等方法,探讨19世纪末至21世纪初中国洪涝灾害的变化特征,及其与降水变化和人类活动之间的联系。结果表明:①19世纪末、20世纪50-60年代和20世纪末这3个时间段,是多世纪以来中国洪灾最剧烈的时期;其中19世纪末和20世纪50-60年代的洪灾剧烈期均对应降水丰沛期,而20世纪末的洪灾剧烈期降水并不十分丰沛。②中国洪灾存在多尺度特征,主要周期有2.7 a、5.2 a的年际变化、9.9 a的年代际和20.5 a、51.6 a的几十年际变化等;东部地区年降水量与洪灾变化周期对应关系较好。③从东部近50 a来年降水量变化来看,20世纪八九十年代洪灾上升并不是降水量增加的结果。降水强度增加、极值降水事件增多可能是其重要原因;另一方面则是由于水土流失加剧、湖泊围垦等人类活动因素的影响。此外,水利投资强度的变化对近50 a洪灾变化也有一定影响。     

Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy for conducting gas tracer tests and measuring water saturations in landfills

Gas tracer tests can be used to determine gas flow patterns within landfills, quantify volatile contaminant residence time, and measure water within refuse. While gas chromatography (GC) has been traditionally used to analyze gas tracers in refuse, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) might allow real-time measurements with reduced personnel costs and greater mobility and ease of use. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PAS for conducting gas tracer tests in landfills. Two tracer gases, difluoromethane (DFM) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), were measured with a commercial PAS instrument. Relative measurement errors were invariant with tracer concentration but influenced by background gas: errors were 1-3% in landfill gas but 4-5% in air. Two partitioning gas tracer tests were conducted in an aerobic landfill, and limits of detection (LODs) were 3-4 times larger for DFM with PAS versus GC due to temporal changes in background signals. While higher LODs can be compensated by injecting larger tracer mass, changes in background signals increased the uncertainty in measured water saturations by up to 25% over comparable GC methods. PAS has distinct advantages over GC with respect to personnel costs and ease of use, although for field applications GC analyses of select samples are recommended to quantify instrument interferences.     

山西省近50年无霜期变化特征研究

根据山西省108个地面站近50 a（1959—2008年）的初霜日、终霜日和无霜期系列数据,采用非参数Mann-Kendall检验法,对山西省近50 a无霜期的变化特点进行了研究。计算结果表明,全省108个地面站的平均无霜期在124.6~232.9 d之间。Mann-Kendall检验结果显示,在所有地面站中,77个站初霜日推后,78个站终霜日提前,87个站无霜期延长,其中35个站显著延长。全省初霜日显著推后（＋1.41 d/10 a）,终霜日显著提前（-2.57 d/10 a）,无霜期显著延长（＋3.72 d/10 a）。初霜日推后和终霜日提前对无霜期延长的贡献约分别为1/3和2/3。Pearson相关分析证明,在全省范围内,初霜日、终霜日和无霜期与年平均气温、纬度和海拔具有密切关系。直线回归分析显示,气温每升高1℃,初霜日迟4.7 d,终霜日早4.1 d,无霜期延长8.8 d。纬度每北移1o,初霜日早6.1 d;终霜日迟4.5 d;无霜期短10.6 d。海拔每升高100 m,初霜日早3.4 d;终霜日迟2.8 d;无霜期短6.2 d。对初霜日、终霜日和无霜期这些特点的认识,对本区自然和人工生态系统管理、生态恢复和生态工程实施等具有重要意义。     

环境自动监测站固定式辐射监测仪性能测试与评价

参考计量技术规范《固定式环境γ辐射空气比释动能(率)仪现场校准规范》(JJF 1733—2018),对辐射环境空气自动监测站78台高气压电离室开展辐射特性测试。现场校准方面,仅88%的电离室满足1±0.2的响应范围要求;78台电离室的重复性均不超过1%,响应的非线性均不超过6.5%,符合规范要求。针对电离室开展辐射性能测试,发现电离室在9.0×10^-2~1.0×10⁹ μGy/h范围内的响应均不超过1±0.2;电离室对164 keV以上的光子的能量响应趋于1.0,对60 keV以下的光子无响应能力,而当光子能量在60~164 keV范围内时,响应曲线会因γ光子与电离室内部惰性气体的光电效应出现"鼓包";电离室不具备对核临界事故脉冲辐射的监测与警示能力;电离室能够在2 s内给出测量范围内的准确示值,但在分段电压的交界处,响应时间会延长至180~360 s;电离室的响应受环境温度、湿度变化的影响大小不足±0.01,表明电离室的环境适应性优良。     

Association patterns of sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna): alternative hypotheses

Individuals may associate with each other due to a variety of selective forces, such as intra- and intersexual selection, and conspecific recognition. Previous studies have concluded that mate choice governs association behavior in polygynous species of fish. I examined whether mate choice underlies the preference for larger individuals by examining preference for association (time spent in proximity to a fish) not only between opposite-sex individuals but also between same-sex individuals of the live-bearing sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). Males and females from three size classes were tested with a large and a small object fish of the same and opposite sex. Females preferred to associate with larger over smaller males. Males also preferred to associate with larger over smaller females, as expected. The same female and male test fish also preferred to associate with larger over smaller fish of the same sex. Moreover, females demonstrated no significant difference in their strength of preference (large–small) when offered males or females. The same held true for males. When males and females were subsequently tested with one large male and one large female, females tended to prefer large males while males showed no significant preference for association based on sex. In another experiment, females were tested with a large female and a small male, and significantly preferred the former. These findings suggest that association patterns may have arisen under a variety of conditions, such as predation pressures, shoaling behavior, and associative preference behavior. The assumption that association behavior is a uniformly sufficient predictor of mate choice in fish needs to be re-examined for P. latipinna and other species. Received: 6 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 May 1999 / Accepted: 12 May 1999     

NZ-1型数字管道风速仪及其现场试验

NZ-Ⅰ型数字管道风速仪能显示不同压力、温度下管道气体流速值。     

动态浸出模拟实验系统与静态浸出试验的对比

建立了动态浸出试验－－小柱模拟实验系统,研究在非饱和水条件下危险物质在填埋场中的迁移和浸出规律,并和静肪浸出实验进行比较,结果表明,在非饱和入渗条件下危险物质的浸出浓度要比静态浸出实验的结果小１００倍左右,危险发的浸出速率也远小于静实验的结果,同时,危险物质的浸出速率随废物层饮水度的增加而迅速增加。     

生物炭基缓释肥的制备及其对土壤理化性质的影响

通过淋溶试验分析生物炭热解温度、生物炭与尿素比例、粘结剂含量对生物炭基缓释肥缓释性能的影响,采用土壤培育试验研究生物炭基缓释肥对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,600 ℃下热解而成的生物炭缓释性能优于300 ℃下热解形成的生物炭;生物炭添加比例和粘结剂含量的增加能提升生物炭基缓释肥的缓释性能;生物炭基缓释肥的加入可降低培育土壤的容重,增大土壤的饱和导水率,提高土壤pH值和土壤有机质含量。