US vehicle fuel-efficiency choices: demographic,behavioral, and cultural factors

In the United States, a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions are from personal vehicle use, and there are large differences in emissions between the most and least efficient vehicles. We use data from 2009 US National Household Travel Survey to characterize consumers who drive the most and least efficient vehicles. We calculate personal fleet efficiency based on all vehicles owned, reflecting the behavioral aspect of vehicle-use choices by owners. Though higher incomes provide the means to purchase more efficient vehicles, we find those with higher incomes more likely to drive low-efficiency vehicles. Higher education levels correlate with greater vehicle efficiency. While some efficiency differences are based on consumer characteristics such as family size, we find large differences that we attribute mostly to cultural preferences as observed by race, region, etc. From a policy perspective, these differences are of particular interest since they may be amenable to change.     

VMT reduction and potential environmental effects with a tradable credits scheme: a simulation case study of Great Britain

We investigate the influence of a tradable credits scheme (TCS) on travel demand and vehicle emissions, based on the vehicle miles travelled (VMT). With a microeconomic quantitative analysis scheme, a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function is used as an approach to model the annual mileage for different travel purposes. An illustration is given for the effects of a TCS on emission mitigation based on historical data for Great Britain. A scenario analysis demonstrates that a TCS can achieve a target for reducing the number of private trips. Besides a movement of trips from the private car mode to public modes, there is also some trip restraint, with individuals choosing not to take some trips. Compared with Fowkes et al.’s research on road pricing in London, the research illustrates that a TCS can be designed to have similar effects to a road pricing scheme. We also demonstrate that a TCS could bring emission changes arising from changes in VMT.     

Social preferences for the design of biodiversity offsets for shorebirds in Australia

Understanding the social acceptability of biodiversity offsets is important to the design of offset policy. We used a discrete choice experiment to quantify preferences of Australians for a migratory shorebird offset in the context of an oil and gas development project. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 1371 respondents on their preferences for current and prospective offset‐policy characteristics via an online questionnaire to inform policy design of the social dimensions related to offset acceptability. The majority of respondents accepted offsetting as a means to allow economic development; the option to reject development (and an offset) was selected in 13% of possible offset scenarios. Substituting protection of a species affected by the development with protection of a more endangered species was a desirable policy characteristic, as was having the offset implemented by a third party or the government rather than the company responsible for the development. Direct offset activities (e.g., improving degraded habitat) were preferred over indirect activities (e.g., a research program), and respondents were strongly against locating the offset at a site other than where the impact occurred. Positive and negative characteristics of offsets could be traded off by changing the number of birds protected by the offset. Our results show that Australians are likely to support increased flexibility in biodiversity‐offset policies, particularly when undesirable policy characteristics are compensated for.     

Optimized quantity-within-distance models of spatial welfare heterogeneity

Spatial welfare heterogeneity is frequently modeled within stated preference analysis as a function of discrete or continuous distance between households and affected resources. A common example is distance-decay analysis. Although distance-based models such as these are easily estimated, the ubiquity of this paradigm can lead to analyses that overlook other forms of analysis with equal or greater relevance. This paper develops an alternative approach to spatial heterogeneity in stated preference willingness to pay (WTP) based on the quantity or area of an affected resource surrounding each respondent at an optimized distance band or radius, with distance bands optimized using a grid-search algorithm that maximizes model likelihood. Methods and results are illustrated using a choice experiment on riparian land restoration in Maine, USA. The resulting quantity-within-distance model identifies systematic spatial patterns that are undetectable using distance-based analysis and directly relevant for welfare analysis.     

电源环境应力筛选试验自动测控系统研究

目的设计开关电源环境应力筛选测控系统。方法运用LabVIEW对仪器进行自动控制。结果实现了仪器控制,数据采集、监视与存储,数据回放等功能。结论测控系统运行稳定,操作简便,数据获取和处理便利。具有硬件配置简单、易维护,软件开发灵活等特点。     

电子部件失效模式试验与仿真研究

目的研究焊点在热应力下的等效应力和等效蠕性应变。方法通过测定某子弹电子部件的工作极限温度、破坏极限温度,利用阶梯变化的温度来验证电子部件的极限适应温度,找出电子部件的主要失效模式。通过有限元仿真来模拟热载荷作用下焊点的应力应变行为。结果应用Garofalo模型仿真得出的蠕变效应与实际试验结果基本相近。结论通过仿真方法与试验结果相对比,证明使用Garofalo模型来研究电子部件焊点的蠕变效应是可行的。     

各级实验室科学管理模式探析

以沈阳大学生物与环境工程学院为例,研究探索了充分发挥本科教学实验室、辽宁省重点实验室、教育部国家重点实验室在培养大学生创新能力中的作用和科学管理模式。     

中国农村生活垃圾处理模式研究

文章主要对农村生活垃圾来源、分类以及产生强度等方面进行阐述,结合中国农村实际村情,从降低生活垃圾污染、保护生态环境,实现农村生活垃圾的资源化、减量化、无害化角度开展研究,在分析农村生活垃圾收运处理现状并结合不同村情的前提下,提出了“村集-镇运-县（区）处理三级式处理模式”、“混合投放-分类收集处理的组合模式”、“分类投放-分类收集处理的组合模式”。     

清洁生产推进机制研究

本文重点研究了清洁生产推进机制,对清洁生产运行机制、技术机制、管理机制、政策机制进行研究和分析,对清洁生产的产生理论和运行管理进行分析。结论是,政策机制的关键是成功地实施技术机制和内部管理机制,在中国清洁生产的实施应该主导的政府执法机制,辅之以必要的经济激励和支持机制应激机制。     

农村环境连片整治的模式和技术研究——以新疆为例

文章以农村生活污染-生活垃圾、生活污水、畜禽粪便为分析对象,在传统的村庄划分的基础上（划分为远郊村和近郊村）,根据新疆独特的自然环境、村庄分布和经济状况,又将远郊村划分为远郊村中近邻村、远郊村中的散落村两种形式,并针对不同类型的村庄特点,提出了农村生活污染连片整治的模式及技术,为新疆各地农村环境保护工作提供了依据,也为农村环境连片整治工作的进一步推进奠定了基础。