改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附和解吸

分别用长碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵（HDTMAB）、短碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂四甲铵化溴（TMAB）及非离子型表面活性剂聚乙二醇（PEG）对天然膨润土进行改性。比较了不同类型改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附性能,探讨了吸附机理。实验结果表明,天然膨润土及改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附能力依次为HDTMAB改性膨润土〉PEG改性膨润土〉TMAB改性膨润土〉天然膨润土;吸附等温线均是直线,说明该吸附行为是分配作用的结果。不同蒽初始质量浓度下,各种改性膨润土对蒽的吸附量由大至小的顺序为HDTMAB改性膨润土〉PEG改性膨润土〉TMAB改性膨润土,而天然膨润土对蒽的吸附量随蒽初始质量浓度的变化很小。改性膨润土加入量为30～80g/L时,各种改性膨润土对水中蒽的去除率均可达到90％以上,且解吸率均在5％以下。     

钙基湿法烟气脱硫主要参数的影响规律

以综合性能优越的旋流板塔为脱硫塔,研究了钙基湿法烟气脱硫的主要参数对脱硫率的影响规律,这些参数包括吸收剂、浆液pH值、气流量G、液流量L与气流量G同时增减等;由实验结果得出上要参数对脱硫率影响的回归关联式．同时对实验结果进行了分析,本研究为工业装置的设计、操作和运行提供了基础数据     

Herbicide Resistant Sugar Beet – What Is the Problem?

Risk assessment studies of herbicide resistant sugarbeet have revealed no risks to human health or the environment.Indeed it appears that commercial growth of this crop mightsecure benefits such as decreased pesticide use and increasedbiodiversity. However, widespread resistance to GM crops such asherbicide resistant sugar beet still persists in Europe. It isargued that this is not just because people do not know therelevant facts. Rather it is because popular resistance to GMfood is driven in part by concerns other than the fear ofnarrowly defined risks to health and the environment. These otherconcerns include an aversion to commercial monopoly and anegative view of pesticide use in general. Herbicide resistantsugar beet may also be perceived as a ``Trojan horse,' i.e., acrop whose licensing would create a precedent and make it morelikely that other, less environmentally friendly, crops will beapproved within the current strictly technical and science-basedrisk assessment procedures. To meet these public concerns, a kindof technology assessment reflecting factors such as benefits andconsumer choice is called for.     

Preparation1 and utilization of wheat straw anionic sorbent for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution

In order to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by agricultural residues (i.e. excess nitrate) in aqueous solution, economic and effective anionic sorbents are required. In this article, we prepared anionic sorbent using wheat straw. Its structural characteristics and adsorption properties for nitrate removal from aqueous solution were investigated. The results indicate that the yield of the prepared anionic sorbent, the total exchange capacity, and the maximum adsorption capacity were 350%, 2.57 mEq/g, and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm mode is more suitable than the Langmuir mode and the adsorption process accords with the first order reaction kinetic rate equation. When multiple anions (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, and NO2-) were present, the isotherm mode of prepared anionic sorbent for nitrate was consistent with Freundlich mode; however, the capacity of nitrate adsorption was reduced by 50%. In alkaline solutions, about 90% of adsorbed nitrate ions could be desorbed from prepared anionic sorbent. The results of this study confirmed that the wheat straw anionic sorbent can be used as an excellent nitrate sorbent that removes nitrate from aqueous solutions.     

Modified Whittaker plots as an assessment and monitoring tool for vegetation in a lowland tropical rainforest

Resource exploitation in lowland tropical forests is increasingand causing loss of biodiversity. Effective evaluation and management of the impacts of development on tropical forests requires appropriate assessment and monitoring tools. We proposethe use of 0.1-ha multi-scale, modified Whittaker plots (MWPs) to assess and monitor vegetation in lowland tropical rainforests.We established MWPs at 4 sites to: (1) describe and comparecomposition and structure of the sites using MWPs, (2) compare these results to those of 1-ha permanent vegetation plots (BDPs),and (3) evaluate the ability of MWPs to detect changes in populations (statistical power). We recorded more than 400 species at each site. Species composition among the sites was distinctive, while mean abundance and basal area was similar. Comparisons between MWPs and BDPs show that they record similarspecies composition and abundance and that both perform equallywell at detecting rare species. However, MWPs tend to record morespecies, and power analysis studies show that MWPs were more effective at detecting changes in the mean number of species of trees 10 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and in herbaceous plants. Ten MWPs were sufficient to detect a change of 11% in the mean number of herb species, and they were able to detect a 14% change in the mean number of species of trees 10 cm dbh. The value of MWPs for assessment and monitoringis discussed, along with recommendations for improving the sampling design to increase power.     

Science and values in risk assessment: The case of deliberate release of genetically engineered organisms

To make more responsible decisions regarding risk and to understand disagreements and controversies in risk assessments, it is important to know how and where values are infused into risk assessment and how they are embedded in the conclusions. In this article an attempt is made to disentangle the relationship of science and values in decision-making concerning the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment. This exercise in applied philosophy of science is based on Helen Longino's contextual empiricism which attempts to reconcile the objectivity of science with its social and cultural construction. Longino distinguishes different levels of research on which values apparently contextual with respect to a given research program can shape the knowledge emerging from that program. Her scheme is applied for locating and identifying the values that affect environment risk assessments of the field experiments with GMOs. The article concludes with some provisional suggestions for the decision process and the role of scientists in it.     

改性生物炭活化过硫酸盐对水中苯和氯苯的去除机制

采用传统的液相沉淀法合成铁盐改性花生壳生物炭（Fe-BC）,将其作为活化过硫酸盐（PS）的活化剂用于去除水体中的苯和氯苯.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、Boehm滴定法和BET测量对合成材料的结构和形态进行了表征,研究了pH值和水中阴离子对反应体系的影响以及材料的再利用性能.结果表明,在Fe-BC/PS体系中,反应3h后苯和氯苯的去除率均高达100%.Fe-BC/PS去除苯和氯苯协同机制包括BC的吸附、自由基的氧化等.在中性及酸性溶液中,苯和氯苯的去除率均能够达到100%.水中常见阴离子对反应体系具有不同程度的抑制作用,抑制强度依次为HCO₃^->HPO₄^->Cl^->NO₃^-.Fe-BC材料具有良好的再利用性能,是一种高效、廉价的PS活化剂.     

CuO-modified activated carbon for the improvement of toluene removal in air

We used an impregnation method to prepare CuO/AC(activated carbon) composite materials of different CuO content and characterized them via scanning electron microscope(SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The effect of CuO content on toluene adsorption/desorption was evaluated.We explored the reusability of AC and AC03(CuO modified AC with CuO loading 0.3 wt.%) adsorbents via toluene adsorption/desorption cycle testing.We used quasi-firstand quasi-second-order models, the Bangham model, and the Weber–Morris model to fit the toluene adsorption data.The introduction of CuO species evidently improved the adsorption performance of activated carbon toward toluene.The CuO content markedly affected the specific surface area, CuO dispersal, the numbers of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface, and adsorption performance of the prepared composite adsorbents.Low CuO content was not favorable for the formation of active adsorption sites,while high content greatly reduced the specific surface area, and even covered active adsorption sites.The toluene adsorption performance varied in the order AC03 AC02 AC05 AC08 AC01(AC03, AC02, AC05, AC08 and AC01 are CuO modifying AC with CuO loading 0.3, 0.2, 0.5 0.8 and 0.1 wt.%, respectively).The breakthrough time and toluene adsorption capacity of the AC03 composite adsorbent were 94 min and 701.8 mg/g,respectively, and the recycling efficiency was 92.8% after thermal desorption at 200°C.The adsorption process was best described by the Bangham model and adsorption could be divided into three stages.     

改性丝瓜络填料对富营养化水体的高效脱氮特性

生物膜技术是污水处理的研究热点之一,但存在挂膜时间长、反硝化碳源供给不足等问题.为解决这一问题,以不同浓度NaOH溶液（对照组、2%、5%和10%）对丝瓜络进行改性处理,再将其作为挂膜填料构建BDBR（biofilm denitrification batch reactor,生物膜原位脱氮系统）,研究BDBR的脱氮效能.结果表明:①当系统运行至第4天时,对照组、2%组、5%组和10%组反应器的COD_Cr去除率趋于稳定,分别为78.9%、76.8%、80.8%和73.9%;当系统运行14 d时,对照组、2%组、5%组和10%组反应器的TN去除率趋于稳定,分别为67.2%、90.8%、91.9%和83.2%;而当系统运行至第10天时,2%组、5%组和10%组反应器对NH₃-N的去除率趋于稳定,依次为82.8%、88.4%和78.8%,显著高于对照组（68.1%）.②改性丝瓜络反应器的膜生物量（2%组、5%组和10%组）均显著高于未进行改性处理的对照组,且随NaOH溶液浓度从2%增至10%,对应反应器膜生物量从12.12×106 nmol（以每g干质量磷脂计）增至24.02×106 nmol.③改性丝瓜络填料上的生物膜的硝化、反硝化菌数量均显著高于未改性处理的丝瓜络填料的硝化、反硝化菌数量.研究显示,丝瓜络填料所构建的BDBR对富营养化河道水中的COD_Cr均有较高的去除能力,这与丝瓜络是否进行改性无关.但用浓度为2% NaOH溶液对丝瓜络进行改性处理后构建的BDBR体现出了最高的生物膜硝化、反硝化菌数量和最好的脱氮效果,可应用于富营养化水体的BDBR中,以实现生物膜的快速构建和系统的稳定运行.      

秸秆露天焚烧典型大气污染物排放因子

利用烟气污染物稀释采样系统,基于实际测试,针对玉米、小麦、花生和棉花4种农作物秸秆开展露天焚烧排放大气污染物采集和分析.利用修正燃烧效率区分燃烧状态,根据碳平衡法计算烟气中颗粒物和气态污染物排放因子.结果表明,4种秸秆露天焚烧CO、SO₂、NO_x和CH₄平均排放因子分别在7.39~92.4g/kg、0.11~0.89g/kg、0.72~3.86g/kg和0.2~5.45g/kg之间,PM_2.5平均排放因子在1.48~13.29g/kg之间.OC和EC的质量分别占PM_2.5全部质量的27.7%~54.3%和4.4%~17.1%,是PM_2.5的主要组成成分.污染物排放主要来自混合燃烧状态,焖烧状态排放污染物浓度相对较高.随着含水率升高,焖烧过程增强显著,CO、CH₄、PM_2.5和OC的排放因子升高,其中PM_2.5排放量增高主要是由OC排放占比升高导致.