飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性评价指标研究

飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性评价对于保障人机效能的充分发挥和飞行安全至关重要。针对一些评价指标制定了相关标准和规范,但未形成一套可操作的指标体系。针对该问题,提出采用改进德尔菲法建立飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性评价指标体系。通过对现有相关标准、规范和技术数据进行分析研究,初步确定出38个评价指标。针对确定的指标,聘请了飞过多种型号飞机的23名现役有经验飞行员作为专家咨询人员进行了两轮咨询,在对咨询结果进行统计处理的基础上,筛选出了21个评价指标,该指标体系的建立为飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性综合评价奠定了基础,也可为航空工程部门的评价工作提供科学依据,并有一定的指导作用和实用价值。     

The Magic Bullet Criticism of Agricultural Biotechnology

One common method of criticizing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is to label them as “magic bullets.” However, this criticism, like many in the debate over GMOs, is not very clear. What exactly is the “magic bullet criticism”? What are its origins? What flaw is it pointing out in GM crops and agricultural biotechnology? What is the scope of the criticism? Does it apply to all GMOs, or just some? Does it point to a fatal flaw, or something that can be fixed? The goal of this paper is to answer these questions and clarify the magic bullet criticism of agricultural biotechnology. It is hoped that the results of this exercise will be helpful in advancing deliberation over the role GMOs and agricultural biotechnology should play in 21st century agriculture.     

日本一家垃圾焚烧厂二恶英污染的探讨

二恶英污染主要来源于垃圾焚烧，介绍了日本一家垃圾焚烧厂二恶英污染情况，分析了产生的原因，并提出改进方案。     

A simulation study of the medium-term effects of field patterns on cross-pollination rates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Gene flow between cultivars within a landscape may lead to impurities that reduce harvest value. In OSR, as for most crops, impurity rates are expected to depend on the spatial distribution of crops over the landscape. However, in contrast to other well-studied crops such as maize, OSR crops generate seed banks in European agro-ecosystems. Gene flow is thus a spatio-temporal process which depends on cropping systems. We therefore aimed at identifying spatial variables that have an effect on regional or local harvest impurities, taking account of the time since the introduction of OSR crops in the regions and of cropping system. Gene flow was simulated over 36 field patterns cultivated with either 15% or 30% of OSR fields, among which 10% or 50% were GM, for three contrasted cropping systems, with the GeneSys software already used for EU co-existence studies. Through regression analyses, we determined spatial and agronomic factors that most affected harvest impurity rates of non-GM OSR after one or seven years of OSR cultivation. The cropping system was the main factor explaining regional harvest impurity rates. Its importance increased after six years of OSR cultivation. For a given cropping system, the regional impurity rate after one year increased linearly with the current proportion of GM crop. In contrast, impurity rates after six years largely depended on the proportions of OSR crop (GM or not) in the two preceding years. During the first year of OSR cultivation, local impurity rates were mostly explained by the distance to the closest GM field. After six years, these rates were mostly explained by the density of GM volunteers in the analysed field and, to a lesser degree, to that of volunteers in neighbour non-OSR fields. Cropping systems were most important in determining impurity rates and the way impurity rates related to regional or local factors. Determination of isolation distances to ensure harvest purity should thus consider past history of OSR cultivation in the area and, in particular, how current or future cropping systems will manage volunteers. Regression quantiles were fitted to the simulated data to determine regional rules (i.e. the maximum regional area of GM OSR and isolation distances between GM and non-GM crops) as a function of the risk accepted by the decision-maker (i.e. the % of situations exceeding harvest impurity thresholds), the cropping system and the volunteer infestation.     

Evaluation of a Gaussian-modified dispersion model for atmospheric release from the Marcoule nuclear site

This paper presents a mathematical model of local pollutant dispersion designed to compute the concentration field above and around the Marcoule nuclear site. The model is based on integrating the classical turbulent diffusion equation, corrected (prior to integration) by experimental wind tunnel data obtained for a scaled-down model of the site. The computed results are compared with full-scale experimental observations at Marcoule in the case of neutral atmosphere. A comparison with the standard Gaussian model is also made. Finally, a critical analysis of the model is presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

硼铁合金烟气净化喷淋塔气液两相流数值模拟

基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术,采用fluent软件平台,针对某硼铁合金厂烟气处理系统中现有设计参数及操作条件下喷淋塔内部流场进行了三维数值模拟分析,对有无喷淋条件下的烟气流场分布进行了对比,另外还分析了喷淋压力,烟气进口速度,以及液滴分布对气液流场分布的影响。较高的喷淋压力和较低的烟气速度有利于气液两相间的传质,液滴的分布也影响着气液两相的传质效率。     

废旧矿用U型钢改形锚索托盘变形破坏 机理及控制对策*

针对矿用U型钢改形锚索托盘受力过程中发生大的弯曲变形和孔口撕裂,导致锚索支护系统失效的现象,推导了U型钢改形锚索托盘弯曲 变形破坏方程,模拟分析了均布荷载作用下改形托盘的力学特征,发现改形托盘4个角发生弯曲变形量最大,纵向路径弯曲变形明显大于横向, 孔口易发生撕裂破坏。通过数值模拟与公式推导得出,两者计算结果的差值较小,进而提出了减小改形托盘发生弯曲变形和避免孔口发生撕裂 的控制对策。在井下进行现场试验,取得了较好的效果。     

安全系统安全完整性等级确定方法比较研究

安全完整性等级的确定是开发和设计安全相关系统的前提和基础。为避免因方法选择不当而导致安全完整性等级确定不恰当的问题,针对常用的后果法、风险矩阵法、改进的HAZOP法、风险图法、保护层分析法和定量分析法进行了对比研究。在阐述和分析安全完整性等级内涵及其确定原理的基础上,根据每种方法自身的特点,从准确性、可量化性、工作量和运用的难易程度等方面对其进行了对比和研究,并分析和探讨了选择安全完整性等级确定方法时应重点考虑的因素。研究结果对合理选择安全完整性等级确定方法具有一定的实用价值和借鉴意义。     

模糊证据权法在西藏一江两河流域耕地适宜性评价中的应用

开展耕地适宜性评价是编制农业发展规划、优化耕地资源配置的基础性工作。文章以西藏一江两河流域18 个县的耕地资源为评价对象,将模糊证据权模型引入到耕地适宜性评价中,通过该方法筛选出地形地貌、气候、土壤和水资源状况等4 个方面的9 个因子作为证据图层,并计算因子图层的模糊证据权重,最后综合各因子图层的证据权重参数得出后验概率并修正形成耕地适宜性分布图。结果表明：①80.83%的适宜样本点处于修正后验概率分级图的中等适宜级别及以上,即已知信息体现出较高的吻合性,表明模糊证据权模型能够科学、有效地评价耕地资源的适宜性;②集知识驱动与数据驱动一体化的模糊证据权模型既能够充分发挥先验知识、客观规律的作用,也可以通过隶属度函数增加知识干预,有效利用专家的丰富经验,在一定程度上克服了知识驱动方法中因子筛选和权重确定主观性强或纯粹数据驱动方法的不足;③研究区21.32×10⁴hm²的耕地资源中,高度适宜、中度适宜、一般适宜和不适宜的耕地资源分别占32.03%、31.94%、27.19%和8.84%,对应其空间分布情况,可以优化耕地资源规模与布局,指导高原耕地区农业生产实践,促进耕地资源的合理利用。     

生物接触氧化法处理变性淀粉废水试验

通过采用生物接触氧化法处理天津开发区某食品厂的变性淀粉废水的工艺试验,研究了停留时间、进水浓度、温度和调节pH值对变性淀粉废水处理效果的影响,并观察了微生物的生长和发展规律。试验结果表明,本法能有效地处理变性淀粉废水,其CODCr去除率在95%以上,在处理废水过程的同时还可获得蛋白饲料,既有环境效益又有经济效益,是一种行之有效的处理方法。