Quantification of inherent safety aspects of the Dow indices

The Dow fire and explosion index (F&EI) and chemical exposure index (CEI) have been successfully implemented in a Visual Basic environment as a tool for the inherent safety assessment of chemical processes. Subprograms were developed to quantify the inherent safety aspects of the Dow indices. These aspects are presented graphically with the indices on the vertical axis and an inherent safety indicator on the horizontal axis. Dow indices of the MIC storage unit involved in the Bhopal disaster were evaluated to quantify the effects of process temperature, pressure and inventory of hazardous materials on the index values.

As operating pressure was reduced, the F&EI decreased in accordance with the principles of inherent safety. The change in F&EI due to reduction of inventory was more significant than that resulting from pressure reduction. The results show that the F&EI change, given the same range of the independent variables (quantity of hazardous materials, operating temperature and pressure), is larger when a unit in the process area is evaluated compared to a unit in a storage area (tank farm). Reduction of the inventory of hazardous materials had no direct effect on the CEI for vapor releases, whereas the size of the hole diameter impacted the CEI to a great extent. However, there is a significant change in the CEI as the inventory of materials decreases for liquid releases involving temperatures above their flash and boiling points. Pressure reduction decreases the CEI, whereas temperature reduction leads to an increase in the CEI when these parameters are treated independently.     

微波植被指数在云南省植被动态监测中的适用性研究

基于遥感的植被指数是科学监测植被动态变化的最有效方法。然而,在我国西南地形复杂区域,基于植被光谱特征的光学植被指数常常因大气状况及环境条件等的影响而受到很大的限制。利用云南省2013年1月至2018年12月AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2,即先进微波扫描辐射计2)双极化亮温数据,计算了云南省2013—2018年多年平均逐月微波植被指数,并选取草地、耕地、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林及常绿针叶林五种典型植被类型区,对比分析了不同植被类型区各微波植被指数的季节变化规律及其与光学植被指数(NDVI)的相关性。结果表明:各微波植被指数的变化幅度均较小,低频和高频微波极化差异指数(MPDI)可以反映云南省各种植被类型的季节变化规律,同时低频MPDI对植被季节变化特征的响应更显著,而低频微波植被指数(MVIA和MVIB)对草地的季节变化响应更敏感。各微波植被指数与NDVI的相关性在低矮植被区更显著,更能反映低矮植被类型随季节变化规律。总体看来,各微波植被指数能够很好地识别不同类型植被的季节变化规律,可作为光学植被指数的有力补充,用于长时序、大范围植被动态监测。     

Groundwater quality in the major industrial area of Thessaloniki,Greece part 1: Chemical composition‐geochemical processes

Adsorption rates of Sb(V) ions on an activated alumina (AA) were analyzed by batchwise experiments, while the continuous adsorption, desorption, regeneration of AA, and multiple reuse cycles were studied by flow column tests. The adsorption rates increased quickly with the increases of shaking speed and operation temperature. The adsorbed Sb(V) ions were desorbed easily by a 50 mM NaOH solution, and a 41–90 times concentrated Sb(V) solution was yielded correspondingly. AA was effectively regenerated by desorption operation and ca. 93% of the initial adsorption capacity was retained after six times adsorption/desorption cycles.     

Multi-temporal land use and cover changing analysis: the environmental impact in Mediterranean area

ABSTRACT

Human activity shapes the levels of anthropogenic pressure that depend on the land management method adopted. This has a fundamental role in the transformation of traditional landscapes. This study focuses on a representative region of the Mediterranean area with the objective to analyse the landscape’s dynamics, to detect the spatial arrangement of class patches, to identify the main agroecosystem characters and to provide a framework to assess ecosystems services. In order to assess land use/land cover changes and landscape persistence, the period between 1960 and 2012 was analysed, taking into consideration the years 1960, 2000 and 2012 using comparable land use maps. Land use and land cover analysis show an urban area growth of 24% during 2000–2012 and of 523% over between 1960 and 2012. The very high levels of land abandonment up to the year 2000 (+7216%) have reversed their trend between 2000 and 2012 (?95%). The orchards showed a relevant increase, particularly after 2000, while the vineyards were linked to the highest value of surface erosion (?74%). The outcomes showed that urban settlements can damage the ecological network with negative effects on the landscape’s environmental sustainability in proximity of significant urban centres. Instead, the ecological network is well preserved and highly associated to the agricultural areas when there is the persistence of many land uses and low urban density, despite the presence of dynamic changes.     

系统可持续发展的能值评价指标的新拓展

剖析阐述了国际现行能值可持续指标(ESI)中存在的不足之处,拓展构建了新的综合指标(SDI)评价系统可持续发展,实现了能值分析与经济分析和物质分析的耦合.以我国著名的基塘农业生态工程模式——珠江三角洲瓜菜基鱼塘模式为例进行案例分析结果表明,新拓展的SDI能更全面、更明晰地度量被评价系统的可持续发展能力,并指示其能物流及经济流各自的运营状况,为系统的进一步优化指明方向.     

基于均一化降水资料的中国极端降水特征分析

论文利用中国1961—2012年602个测站均一化的日降水资料,基于世界气象组织定义的11个极端降水指数,分析了近52 a中国极端降水事件的时空分布特征。结果表明：年极端降水指数长期变化趋势表明,大部分极端降水指数在我国西北和长江中下游地区（除CDD）以及东南沿海和华南大部分地区均呈现增加趋势,而在华北地区为减少趋势。极端降水指数随时间的变化表明,各指数具有明显的年际和年代际变化,从2000年开始大部分指数表现为不同程度的增加趋势,即极端降水事件从2000年开始偏多。     

基于知识的多时相TM图像森林火烧迹地快速提取方法

本文以覆盖福州市及周边地区的五期TM图像为例,进行森林火烧迹地的自动提取研究.分别对TM图像上火烧迹地及其背景地物采样,分析火烧迹地在TM图像6个波段及PC变换、TC变换、多时相植被指数(MTVI)上的光谱特征,发现了火烧迹地与背景地物区分的光谱知识.其次,利用DEM数据分析火烧迹地在地形上的分布特点,发现了火烧迹地空间分布的知识规则.在此基础上建立了基于知识的多时相TM图像上森林火烧迹地提取模型,从而解决了快速识别和提取森林火灾信息的问题.     

Lake management techniques in Florida,USA: Costs and water quality effects

Economic evaluations of restored or enhanced lakes in Florida indicated gravity drawdown was the least expensive action, whereas effluent diversion was 10,000 times more costly on a per hectare basis, with the other lake treatment costs occurring in the following order: gravity drawdown < grass carp introduction < mechanical drawdown < aeration < stormwater control = drawdown-dredging < effluent diversion. Within a particular treatment category, the costs spanned approximately one and one half orders of magnitude. Contrary to the abundant cost data, which permitted an economic analysis, inappropriate statistical design and lack of commitment toward sampling Florida's restored lakes undermines attempts to understand long-term water quality responses to various enhancement techniques. Using Lake Tohopekaliga as a case study, ordinary statistical tests produced contradictory and unreliable interpretations on the effectiveness of drawdown and phosphorus removal at sewage treatment plants in improving the trophic state index. This emphasizes the need for more robust statistical approaches and more detailed data collection in evaluating lake restoration activities It is unfortunate for Florida's lake restoration program that quantitative conclusions based on inferential statistics, replete with tests of assumptions, is limited to very few lakes     

基于高光谱指数的水稻砷污染胁迫多重判别模型

水稻中过量砷(As)能够影响叶片中叶绿素含量、水分含量以及细胞内部结构,进而改变水稻在光谱上的特征表现.以表征叶绿素、水分含量、细胞结构的NDVI、NDWI、SIPI等9种高光谱指数和实测水稻叶片砷含量数据为基础,利用相关分析、主成分分析和独立变量分析方法,获得诊断指标对水稻砷污染胁迫进行多重光谱判别.结果表明,表征不同生理参数的高光谱指数PSNDa、fWBI、SIPI与水稻叶片砷含量高度相关,可作为砷污染单级光谱诊断参数;主成分因子F1、F2和独立变量因子ICA1、ICA2对水稻砷污染胁迫具有特殊反应,分别作为水稻砷污染胁迫的主成分诊断指标和独立分量诊断指标.综合上述3类诊断参数,构建水稻砷污染胁迫多重判别空间体系即光谱指数诊断空间(PSNDa-fWBI、PSNDa-SIPI、fWBI-SIPI)、主成分诊断空间(F1-F2)和独立变量诊断空间(ICA1-ICA2),从不同层面上综合诊断了实验区水稻砷污染胁迫情况,其中以表征叶绿素和细胞结构的光谱指数空间PSNDa-SIPI与主成分空间F1-F2诊断效果为最佳.     

附植藻类对沉水植物狐尾藻生长及生理的影响

为进一步了解附植藻类对沉水植物的影响,以狐尾藻为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,研究了有无附植藻类情况下,狐尾藻根长、株长、生物量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD、POD以及CAT等的变化情况.结果表明:未添加藻类处理组中狐尾藻的生物量最大是添加藻类处理组的2.49倍,实验末期未添加藻类处理组的叶绿素含量是添加藻类处理组的1.87倍,说明附植藻类的大量繁殖会影响狐尾藻生物量的合成,降低狐尾藻的叶绿素含量;添加附植藻类处理组的POD和CAT酶活性在实验后期均显著高于无附植藻类的处理组,且实验末期狐尾藻的MDA含量显著上升,说明附植藻类的大量繁殖使狐尾藻细胞膜损害严重,影响了抗氧化保护酶系统,最终导致狐尾藻衰败显著.附植藻类的大量繁殖是沉水植物衰败的原因之一.