Relationship Between Micro-Invertebrates and Macrophytes in a Wetland: Laguna Iberá (Corrientes, Argentina). Implications for Water Quality Monitoring

From November 2000 to September 2001, eight points in the Iberá lagoon were sampled bimonthly. At each point, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured and invertebrates were collected from the water around macrophytes by mean of a net of 180 μ m pore size. Four biotic indices were calculated and compared, given similar trends. The total number of taxa shows to be a good and simple indicator of water quality. Averaging indices across points we obtained a good positive correlation between indices and temperature. In this ecosystem, multi-habitat sampling must be used in order to obtain a good estimation of ecological integrity. The total number of taxa can be used for water quality assessment.     

Are Bavarian Forests (southern Germany) at risk from ground-level ozone? Assessment using exposure and flux based ozone indices

Exposure and flux-based indices of O₃ risk were compared, at 19 forest locations across Bavaria in southern Germany from 2002 to 2005; leaf symptoms on mature beech trees found at these locations were also examined for O₃ injury. O₃ flux modelling was performed using continuously recorded O₃ concentrations in combination with meteorological and soil moisture data collected from Level II forest sites. O₃ measurements at nearby rural open-field sites proved appropriate as surrogates in cases where O₃ data were lacking at forest sites (with altitude-dependent average differences of about 10% between O₃ concentrations). Operational thresholds of biomass loss for both O₃ indices were exceeded at the majority of the forest locations, suggesting similar risk under long-term average climate conditions. However, exposure-based indices estimated higher O₃ risk during dry years as compared to the flux-based approach. In comparison, minor O₃-like leaf injury symptoms were detected only at a few of the forest sites investigated. Relationships between flux-based risk thresholds and tree response need to be established for mature forest stands for validation of predicted growth reductions under the prevailing O₃ regimes.     

武汉市夏季湖泊水体理化指标主成份和聚类分析

为深入了解湖泊水体理化因子的变化规律,为湖泊渔业和湖泊水质管理提供基础数据,于2007年夏季测定了武汉市梁子湖、斧头湖、柴泊湖、〖JP2〗南湖和野芷湖5个养殖湖泊的TN、NH+4 N、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、〖JP〗PO3-4 P、DO、pH、CODMn、WT、SD和EC,应用SPSS软件,对测定结果从事了主成份分析和聚类分析。主成份分析结果表明,3个主成份分别为营养环境因子（包括TN、NO-2 N、NO-3 N、TP、pH、CODMn和EC）、生存因子（DC）和铵吸收因子（NH+4 N）。Q型聚类结果表明,5个湖泊的13个点可聚为4大类,即第1类为9、10、11、12、13号点;第2类是1、2、4号点;第3类是5、6、7、8号点;第4类是3号点。可将5个湖泊分为3类,即斧头湖和梁子湖为一类,柴泊湖为一类,野芷湖和南湖为一类。这一结果是城市废水、生活污水和养殖生产所致。     

应用电性拓扑状态指数预测烷烃自燃点

建立了一个基于人工神经网络的定量结构-性质相关性模型,用于52种烷烃化合物自燃点的预测研究。应用原子类型电性拓扑状态指数作为表征分子结构特征的描述符。该指数既能表征分子的电子特性,又反映其拓扑特征,同时易于计算,并有较强的同分异构体区分能力。采用误差反向传播（BP）神经网络方法对烷烃自燃点与电性拓扑状态指数间可能存在的非线性关系进行拟合。将52种烷烃样本随机划分为训练集（30种）、验证集（8种）和测试集（14种）,并通过“试差法”确定网络的最优参数。运用最佳网络结构[64—1]对实验样本进行模拟,结果表明,多数样本的自燃点预测值与实验值符合良好,对于测试集,平均预测绝对误差为8．4℃,均方根误差为11．8,优于多元线性回归方法和传统基团贡献法所得结果。该方法的提出为工程上提供了一种根据分子结构预测有机物白燃点的有效方法。     

Status of Aquatic Bioassessment in U.S. EPA Region IX

U.S. EPA Region IX is supporting bioassessment programs in Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada using biocriteria program and Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP) resources. These programs are designed to improve the state, tribal and regional ability to determine the status of water quality. Biocriteria program funds were used to coordinate with Arizona, California and Hawaii which resulted in these states establishing reference conditions and in developing biological indices. U.S. EPA Region IX has initiated R-EMAP projects in California and Nevada. These U.S. EPA Region IX sponsored programs have provided an opportunity to interact with the States and provide them with technical and management support. In Arizona, several projects are being conducted to develop the State's bioassessment program. These include the development of a rotational random monitoring program; a regional reference approach for macroinvertebrate bioassessments; ecoregion approach to testing and adoption of an alternate regional classification system; and development of warm-water and cold-water indices of biological integrity. The indices are projected to be used in the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) 2000 water quality assessment report. In California, an Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) has been developed for the Russian River Watershed using resources from U.S. EPA's Non-point Source (NPS) Program grants. A regional IBI is under development for certain water bodies in the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board. Resources from the U.S. EPA Biocriteria program are being used to support the California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) in conjunction with the California Department of Fish & Game (CDFG), and to support the Hawaii Department of Health (DoH) Bioassessment Program to refine biological metrics. In Nevada, R-EMAP resources are being used to create a baseline of aquatic information for the Humboldt River watershed. U.S. EPA Region IX is presently working with the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) to establish a Nevada Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup. Future R-EMAP studies will occur in the Calleguas Creek watershed in Southern California, and in the Muddy and Virgin River watersheds in southern Nevada, and the Walker River watershed in eastern California and west-central Nevada.     

基于ETM影像的植被指数在土地利用中的特征——以雅安市雨城区为例

利用LandSAT7号卫星的ETM数据、土地利用现状数据，在GIS空间分析工具与ERDAS空间建模语言的支持下，提取ETM影像的RVI、NDVI和MSAVI等3类植被指数，在ArcGIS中应用样带统计分析工具，统计并分析3类植被指数在各土地利用类型中的分布与特征。结果表明：RVI与NDVI、MSAVI在各土地利用中的特征相似，都能较好的反映土地利用类型的覆盖程度，但各植被指数的表现形式有异，即RVI值高的，NDVI、MSAVI值较低，代表的植被覆盖度也较低，反之亦然；3类植被指数能较好的区分出农田用地、非植被覆盖区、植被覆盖区，而林地与灌木林、早地与园地则不易区分。     

Optimization of Eisenia fetida stocking density for the bioconversion of rock phosphate enriched cow dung–waste paper mixtures

Vermitechnology is gaining recognition as an environmental friendly waste management strategy. Its successful implementation requires that the key operational parameters like earthworm stocking density be established for each target waste/waste mixture. One target waste mixture in South Africa is waste paper mixed with cow dung and rock phosphate (RP) for P enrichment. This study sought to establish optimal Eisenia fetida stocking density for maximum P release and rapid bioconversion of RP enriched cow dung–paper waste mixtures. E. fetida stocking densities of 0, 7.5, 12.5, 17.5 and 22.5 g-worms kg^?1 dry weight of cow dung–waste paper mixtures were evaluated. The stocking density of 12.5 g-worms kg^?1 resulted in the highest earthworm growth rate and humification of the RP enriched waste mixture as reflected by a C:N ratio of <12 and a humic acid/fulvic acid ratio of >1.9 in final vermicomposts. A germination test revealed that the resultant vermicompost had no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish. Extractable P increased with stocking density up to 22.5 g-worm kg^?1 feedstock suggesting that for maximum P release from RP enriched wastes a high stocking density should be considered.     

黑龙江哈尔滨地区近60年极端气温变化研究

用1955~2013年哈尔滨市、尚志市(县)和通河县逐日气温资料,采用线性倾向法、距平及累积距平法、Morlet复数小波、主成分分析、相关性分析和Mann-Kendall检验法,对11个常用气候指标进行分析。结果表明,哈尔滨夏、秋、冬季气温呈上升趋势,冬季升温极为显著,春季气温以0.60℃/10a的速度显著下降;年均气温、年均最低温、年均最高温均有所增加,年均最低气温升幅最大。年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温、夏日日数、热夜日数、暖夜日数和暖日日数6个指标呈上升趋势变化;结冰日数、霜冻日数、冷夜日数、冷日日数及气温年较差5个指数呈下降趋势。年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温及变化率较大的暖夜日数,均有28~30 a的第一主周期和17~18 a的第二主周期,冷夜主要有3、6和8 a的短周期。主成分分析结果表明,高载荷的指数暖夜、冷夜和暖日这些相对指数的变化是哈尔滨极端气温变化的主要原因。相关关系矩阵表明,相对指数间的相关性极为显著;各暖指标、各冷指标间呈正相关,暖指标和冷指标间呈负相关。Mann-Kendall检验得知,冰日、冷夜和冷日三个冷指标的突变发生在20世纪70s、80s,其他指标的突变主要发生在1990~1999年间。总之,哈尔滨平均气温以0.32℃/10a的速率增加,升温幅度高于全国平均升温值0.26℃/10a,研究结果可为防灾减灾提供理论依据。     

Analysis of the Relationship between Soil and Vegetation in Forest Biogeocenoses by the Principal Component Method

Coordinated soil–geobotanical studies revealed a close correlation between the species diversity of phytocenoses and soil properties in the Russkii Sever National Nature Park (Vologda oblast). Soil acidity, together with the concentrations of exchangeable calcium, potassium, and magnesium, is a factor determining variations of species diversity indices for vascular plants and bryophytes in forest biogeocenoses.