土地资源承载力若干问题浅析

本文就当前土地资源承载力研究中所遇到的若干问题,从土地资源承载力定义的理解、土地生产力的计算、单产预测、土地资源评价和土地利用结构调整等5个方面进行了探讨。 如何定义和理解土地资源人口承载力是进行这项研究的关键。以研究土地资源人口承载力为目的的土地资源评价是进行土地生产力计算和土地利用结构调整必不可少的基础。根据统计资料预测的作物单产,不能反映出土地生产力,而使用农业生态地带法计算作物单产目前也存在着一些问题。     

黄河三角洲地区农业环境现状与污染防治措施

在黄河三角洲地区,近几年来,农业生产得到快速发展,农用薄膜、化肥和农药的使用量也逐年增加,由于人们环保意识薄弱,致使农业环境受到污染.农田连续覆膜十年以上,土壤中农膜残留量可达55～60kg/hm2;果园和蔬菜保护地栽培连续五年以上的地块,土壤中有机磷农药检出率高达80%以上;化肥用量连续五年达到每年1500～2000kg/hm2的农田,土壤有机质下降0.18～0.23%,团粒结构减少4.1～5.3%,总孔隙度减少11.4～13.8%,土壤的理化性能严重下降.通过对农业环境主要污染因素和污染现状分析,采取相应的防治措施,对保护农业环境,促进农业和农村经济的可持续发展有十分重要的意义.     

黑龙江省森林资源动态变化与发展趋势预测

以黑龙江省2004年统计年鉴的统计数据为依据,分析了全省森林资源现状的特点,并以近50多年来森林资源清查数据为基础,对森林资源主要项目的动态变化进行了客观的分析,力求寻找变化的原因.通过建立灰色预测GM(1.1)模型,预测未来时期森林资源发展趋势,提出了相应对策,以期实现科学经营森林以及森林资源的可持续发展.     

NUTRIENT LOADING ASSESSMENT IN THE ILLINOIS RIVER USING A SYNTHETIC APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: A synthetic relationship is developed between nutrient concentrations and discharge rates at two river gauging sites in the Illinois River Basin. Analysis is performed on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on nutrients in 1990 through 1997 and 1999 and on discharge rates in 1988 through 1997 and 1999. The Illinois River Basin is in western Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma and is designated as an Oklahoma Scenic River. Consistently high nutrient concentrations in the river and receiving water bodies conflict with recreational water use, leading to intense stakeholder debate on how best to manage water quality. Results show that the majority of annual phosphorus (P) loading is transported by direct runoff, with high concentrations transported by high discharge rates and low concentrations by low discharge rates. A synthetic relationship is derived and used to generate daily phosphorus concentrations, laying the foundation for analysis of annual loading and evaluation of alternative management practices. Total nitrogen (N) concentration does not have as clear a relationship with discharge. Using a simple regression relationship, annual P loadings are estimated as having a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 39.8 t/yr and 31.9 t/yr and mean absolute percentage errors of 19 percent and 28 percent at Watts and Tahlequah, respectively. P is the limiting nutrient over the full range of discharges. Given that the majority of P is derived from Arkansas, management practices that control P would have the most benefit if applied on the Arkansas side of the border.     

INCREASED BASEFLOW IN IOWA OVER THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY1

ABSTRACT: Historical trends in annual discharge characteristics were evaluated for 11 gauging stations located throughout Iowa. Discharge records from nine eight‐digit hydrologic unit code (HUC‐8) watersheds were examined for the period 1940 to 2000, whereas data for two larger river systems (Cedar and Des Moines Rivers) were examined for a longer period of record (1903 to 2000). In nearly all watersheds evaluated, annual base flow, annual minimum flow, and the annual base flow percentage significantly increased over time. Some rivers also exhibited increasing trends in total annual discharge, whereas only the Maquoketa River had significantly decreased annual maximum flows. Regression of stream discharge versus precipitation indicated that more precipitation is being routed into streams as base flow than as storm flow in the second half of the 20th Century. Reasons for the observed stream flow trends are hypothesized to include improved conservation practices, greater artificial drainage, increasing row crop production, and channel incision. Each of these reasons is consistent with the observed trends, and all are likely responsible to some degree in most watersheds.     

山区高速公路挖方边坡的稳定性评价与安全防护技术

山区高速公路挖方边坡的稳定性对道路交通安全具有重要影响 ,阐述了进行挖方边坡的稳定性评价和安全防护的必要性 ,提出了评价原则、工作程序、评价方法及系列安全防护技术。得出了关于山区高速公路挖方边坡的稳定性评价和安全防护的几点认识。     

使用清洁能源,改善煤烟型污染城市大气质量--可再生能源水源热泵技术的应用

本文从热泵工作原理入手，阐述了可再生能源水源热泵技术替代解决燃煤城市冬季采暖的能源问题，进而为改善大气环境质量，推广应用清洁能源做一有益的尝试。同时也为治理乌鲁木齐市的大气污染及调整能源结构提出了一条新思路。     

GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row‐crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.     

灾害旅游资源探讨

灾害经济学中的害利互变原理表明，灾害也有“利”的一面。它在给人类造成巨大损失的同时，也塑造了奇异独特的灾害旅游资源，其开发利用效用是其他旅游资源无法代替的。本文系统阐述了灾害旅游资源的基本属性、特性、类型及可持续开发利用的设想，以便使灾害旅游资源可以发挥更大的社会和经济效益。     

黄冈市矿业经济布局研究

文章针对黄冈市矿业经济发展的需要，在充分考虑黄冈市地区经济发展，矿产资源分布，矿业经济合理布局的必要性的基础上，对黄冈市矿业经济布局作了详细深入研究，提出了“一个中心，四个矿业规划区，五类开发矿种，十个矿业基地”的布局构架，为该市矿业经济发展提供了明确的发展思路，并指出了发展重点，也为政府宏观调控和矿政管理提供了依据。