Multi-level network governance of disaster risks: the case of the Metropolitan Region of the Aburra Valley (Medellin,Colombia)

Cities have increasingly been confronted with disasters, ranging from earthquakes and storms to floods and landslides. Traditional technocratic top-down approaches have proved inadequate to face disaster risks in urban agglomerations. Thus, expectations have risen that through multi-level governance, metropolitan regions could become more resilient by joining forces across scales and sectors, enabling them to implement adaptation strategies collectively. Under the leadership of the city of Medellin and integrated within the national risk governance system of Colombia, such a governance arrangement has been established in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburra Valley. Applying social network analysis, this paper analyses the institutional relationships within the multi-level risk governance network Red Riesgos. It demonstrates that the effectiveness of multi-level disaster risk governance networks depends primarily on the protagonist role of local governments and on their abilities to involve local communities and citizens and to interact constantly with higher-level authorities in the implementation process.     

Towards a sustainable economy? Socio-technical transitions in the green building sector

Making the transition to a green economy is a major policy driver in the UK and other countries. Entrepreneurs are suggested as being at the forefront of this transition and as a driving force for sustainability. These “green entrepreneurs” may represent a new type of entrepreneurial behaviour combining economic, environmental and social aims. In this paper, we present empirical work conducted with green entrepreneurs in the UK green building sector. Buildings have significant impacts on the environment, both in terms of materials and post-construction energy demands. Drawing on sustainability transitions theory, we examine the role of green entrepreneurs in affecting change and suggest that green building niches are less consensual than previously theorised. In theorising green entrepreneurs, we also point to the need to consider them within wider networks of activity rather than as lone actors and the implications this has for policy.     

基于物元多级可拓模型的档案馆火灾安全风险评价

档案馆是收集、保管纸质档案材料的场所,火灾荷载大。档案馆火灾造成的社会影响和经济损失是无法估量的。为了评估档案馆火灾安全风险状况,预防档案馆火灾的发生,通过分析档案馆火灾安全风险因素,全面、系统地构建了由4个一级指标,27个二级指标构成的档案馆火灾安全风险评估指标体系,构建了基于多级可拓模型的档案馆火灾安全风险评估模型。应用该模型对西安某档案馆进行实证评价,得出该档案馆火灾安全风险等级为II级,评估结果与实际安全情况相符,表明该模型适用于档案馆的火灾安全风险评价。     

Reflexive capacity in local networks for sustainable development: integrating conflict and understanding into a multi-level perspective Transition Framework

ABSTRACT

One core element of reflexive governance is the reflexive capacity-building of actors involved in governance networks. A wider range of actors have to be empowered to understand and improve governance arrangements in order to create second-order reflexivity. As a contribution to this challenge, a heuristic framework is developed from two complementary approaches to reflexive governance: the multi-level perspective (MLP) and the conflict-orientated understanding (COU) approach. The new framework is applied to two case studies – water management and long-term climate adaptation – where it has helped to develop a participatory process to analyse and reflect on local networks and multi-stakeholder arenas. The two contrasting processes are analysed and their contribution to reflexive capacity building is assessed. Building on the findings, further advancements of MLP, COU, and the concept of reflexive governance are recommended.     

景观生态学在国土空间治理中的应用

鉴于当前国土空间治理面临复杂的人类活动与自然环境相互作用而产生的生态风险与空间利用问题,基于景观生态学学科特质与生态文明建设要求,对当前国土空间治理工作进行梳理,归纳了明确的生态系统服务定位、高效的建成空间结构、适宜且多样的产业发展支撑、多等级的生态系统服务与安全保障等国土空间治理需求。同时,整合区域时空信息的理论基础与分析手段,提出景观生态学在国土空间治理中应落脚于：（1）识别并统一不同空间尺度的治理单元;（2）辨析并评估景观功能的空间分异;（3）构建基于生态风险防范的区域景观格局; （4）识别集约高效的城乡协调发展格局;（5）提出尺度联系的绿色发展架构;（6）明晰多级多样的生态保障方案。     

太原市PM2.5预报统计修正模型及其应用检验

为提高太原市PM_2.5预报准确率,更好地服务于空气质量预报预警工作,在华北区域BREMPS（环境气象数值预报系统）预报结果的基础上,结合MR（多元线性回归）、BP（BP神经网络）和MLR（多层递阶）建立10 d的滚动修正模型,并对太原市2017年1月15日—4月15日ρ（PM_2.5）进行了修正.结果表明:3种修正模型对BREMPS预报的ρ（PM_2.5）小时值和日均值均有不同程度的改善,尤其是MLR修正结果在多项评价指标上明显优于MR和BP,其小时值的RMSE（均方根误差）由原来的42.46 μg/m3降至26.74 μg/m3,重污染和非重污染时段日均值的RMSE分别由未修正前的63.78、43.68 μg/m3降至28.52、21.27 μg/m3,日均值修正结果的基础评分从0.65升至0.88,预报准确率由原来的66.18%升至86.74%.从3种修正模型的构建来看,MR和BP方法对系统平稳状态的修正具有一定的优势,而对系统大幅变化的识别能力较弱,所以在天气变化时临界状态的修正结果误差较大,模型的稳定性较差.研究显示,MLR方法本身具有一定的自适应能力,稳定性和修正结果的整体趋势明显优于MR和BP方法,对太原市空气质量预报改进、重污染天气预警和大气污染防治等方面具有较大的应用价值.      

A theory of scaling for community-based fisheries management

Community-based approaches to fisheries management has emerged as a mainstream strategy to govern dispersed, diverse and dynamic small scale fisheries. However, amplifying local community led sustainability outcomes remains an enduring challenge. We seek to fill a theoretical gap in the conceptualization of ‘scaling up community-based fisheries management’. We draw on literature of agriculture innovations to provide a framework that takes into account process-driven and structural change occurring across multiple levels of governance, as well as different phases of scaling. We hypothesize that successful scaling requires engagement with all aspects of a governing regime, coalescing a range of actors, and therefore, is an enterprise that is larger than its parts. To demonstrate where the framework offers value, we illustrate the development of community-based fisheries management in Vanuatu according to the framework’s main scaling dimensions.     

Governance experiments in climate action: empirical findings from the 28 European Union countries

Climate targets call for novel policy measures to facilitate widespread adoption of low-carbon solutions and innovations. The literature on socio-technical systems argues that experimentation has a prominent role in enabling sustainability transition. Experiments represent ways of testing new ideas and methods across a wide range of policy fields. Governance experiments in particular can support accelerated diffusion of new solutions, because they integrate policy with innovations. Here, types of success factors in the implementation of governance experiments to mitigate climate change are examined. Statistical analysis of sustainability innovations in the 28 European Union countries indicates that the types of success factors in governance experiments differ from those of product and social experiments. Governance experimentation is more positioned within socio-technical regimes than in strategic niches. These results suggest that governance experiments may indeed provide new transition opportunities towards low-carbon societies.     

海洋大气环境对封套防护材料性能影响

目的 探究铝塑型封套防护材料在湿热海洋大气自然环境贮存条件下性能衰退规律。方法 通过优化铺层结构,采用SiO_x蒸镀双向拉伸聚酯膜作为外增强层,PA6共挤EVOH双向拉伸膜作为内增强层制备新型封套防护材料。在海洋大气环境试验站库内、棚下2种贮存条件下开展贮存试验,跟踪测试水蒸气透过率、氧气透过率、剥离力、拉断力和表面电阻率等关键性能,建立时间-性能影响曲线,同时记录材料内部湿度曲线和内置的金属圆片的锈蚀状态,以此评价海洋大气环境对铝塑型封套防护材料性能影响趋势。结果 在经过180 d的贮存后,水蒸气透过率仍小于0.3 g/(cm²·24 h),自研的新型封套防护材料在库内和棚下贮存环境下的阻湿能力分别提高了29.8%和31.5%,且剥离力和拉断力未发生明显降低,表面电阻率处于10⁹～10¹¹?。结论 通过降低水分子与外增强层分子的相互作用,可有效提高封套防护材料的阻隔能力,验证了多级防潮理念的科学性。     

人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法

构建了人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复多目标综合评价指标体系,对生态修复中影响评价指标量化结果的因素进行了综合考虑,提出了包含主、客观因子并反映层次关系的综合权重确定方法,进而建立了一种人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法,以更好地解决多目标决策中的总目标量化问题.最后,以正在建设的永定河生态修复工程为例,通过构建典型的生态修复情景方案,对建立的评价指标体系进行应用,确定各评价指标的综合权重系数,并对构建的情景决策方案进行了综合评估,验证本文提出的评价指标权重综合调整的必要性,说明构建的人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法的合理性与可行性.结果表明,所提出的评价方法不仅对人工补水条件下的河流生态修复决策具有一定的实用价值,而且对其它类型生态修复多目标综合决策评价也具有借鉴意义.