多目标规划在应急物流中的应用综述

为充分提高突发事件的应急救援效率,应急物流系统的建设至关重要。围绕应急物流系统,从应急物资管理、设施建立以及物流路径规划等方面入手开展相关研究工作的梳理和讨论,结果表明:目前相关研究受限于应急物流的应急体制建设不完善、多目标联系不紧密、信息化程度低、应急物资需求的动态性把握不准确等方面,而根据多目标规划方法提出的相应改进建议,能够实现救援线路最优化、救援时间最短化以及应急投入最小化等多个目标。     

区域联防联控挥发性有机物(VOCs)最优减排方案研究

VOCs区域性联防联控治理是当前彻底治理VOCs污染的有效手段,为了实现VOCs区域性联防联控治理,建立了以减排总量最大、减排成本最低、VOCs减排限产产生的经济影响最小为目标的多目标最优减排模型,提出了基于自适应变异率的分解多目标进化算法（Decomposition Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm based on Adaptive Mutation Rate,简称MOEA/DAMA）.选取关中某城市群为研究对象,将VOCs的排放数据代入到最优减排模型中,运用MOEA/DAMA算法对其求解.根据最终的优化结果与MOEA/D初始算法和NSGA-Ⅱ优化算法的优化结果进行对比,结果表明MOEA/DAMA相较于NAGA-Ⅱ和MOEA/D的Pareto解的分布性更广、解的收敛性更高.在对Pareto解的分析上融入决策者的根据实际情况的权衡,计算出更合理的VOCs最优减排方案,为长效科学治理VOCs污染提供借鉴.     

城市内涝灾害应急救援指派模型

为实现应急救援队伍的合理派遣以快速营救受困人员,根据城市内涝灾害特点、城市内涝灾害情况和救援资源的分布,综合考虑应急救援队伍的救援效率、救援可靠性、救援时间等因素,构建多目标应急救援指派模型。运用模糊数学思想,将各目标下的属性值矩阵转化为模糊关系矩阵。针对优化模型的特点,采用反点法对模型进行求解。为证明反点算法的可行性,采用标准匈牙利算法对模型进行求解并加以验证。算例结果表明,多目标优化方案可以进行良好的任务分配,可满足应急救援任务的需要。     

Multiobjective optimisation method for life-cycle design of mechanical products

Manufacturing that minimises the exhaustion of natural resources, energy used and deleterious environmental impact is increasingly demanded by societies that seek to protect global environments as much as possible. To achieve this, life-cycle design (LCD) is an essential component of product design scenarios; however, LCD approaches have not been well integrated in optimal design methods that support quantitative decision-making. This study presents a method that yields quantitative solutions through optimisation analysis of a basic product design incorporating life-cycle considerations. We consider two types of optimisation approaches that have different aims, namely, (1) to reduce the use of raw materials and energy consumption and (2) to facilitate the reuse of the product or its parts when it reaches the end of its useful life. We also focus on how the optimisation results differ according to the approach used, from the viewpoint of the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycling). Our method obtains optimum solutions by evaluating objectives fitted to each of these two optimisation approaches with respect to the product's life-cycle stages, which are manufacturing, use, maintenance, disposal, reuse and recycling. As an applied example, a simple linear robot model is presented, and Pareto optimum solutions are obtained for the multiobjective optimisation problem whose evaluated objectives are the operating accuracy of the robot and the different life-cycle costs for the two approaches. The characteristics of the evaluated objectives and design variables, as well as the effects of using material characteristics as design parameters, are also examined.     

Decision support for sustainable manufacturing using decision guidance query language

Sustainability has become a very significant research topic as it impacts many different manufacturing industries. Therefore, the technologies for monitoring, analysing, evaluating and optimising the sustainability performance of manufacturing processes and systems are very critical for decision makers on the shop floor. This paper introduces a decision guidance management system that provides actionable recommendations through quantitative analysis of the sustainability measures of manufacturing processes and systems based on life cycle assessment. The system determines decision preferences through dynamically collected data and decision makers' responses, taking into account the prevailing constraints. Optimal decisions can be derived using mathematical and constraint programming. By using decision guidance query language, this methodology allows users to make optimal decisions without an extensive mathematical or operations research background. Knowledge of relational databases is sufficient for a user to formulate the optimisation problem and obtain optimal solutions. The methodology is demonstrated with a machining operation case study, in which a list of sustainability metrics are identified and sustainability modelling methods are proposed. Important sustainable machining performance measures are optimised, resulting in actionable recommendations.     

Multi-objective Programming and Social Welfare Analysis of Rural–urban Land Conversion Decision-making

Abstract

Rural–urban land conversion is an inevitable phenomenon in urbanization and industrialization. And the decision-making issue about this conversion is multi-objective because the social decision maker (the whole of central government and local authority) has to integrate the requirements of different interest groups (rural collective economic organizations, peasants, urban land users and the ones affected indirectly) and harmonize the sub-objects (economic, social and ecological outcomes) of this land allocation process. This paper established a multi-objective programming model for rural–urban land conversion decision-making and made some social welfare analysis correspondingly. Result shows that the general object of rural–urban land conversion decision-making is to reach the optimal level of social welfare in a certain state of resources allocation, while the preference of social decision makers and the value judgment of interest groups are two crucial factors which determine the realization of the rural–urban land conversion decision-making objects.     

铁路危险货物办理站点优化配置方法研究

铁路危险货物运输办理站点的优化配置,涉及到需求分布、设置地点、区域规划、环保要求、业务功能以及与其他运输方式的分工、衔接等,是一个复杂的系统工程。分析了已有铁路危险货物办理站点整合优化模型的不足,首先从铁路部门角度综合考虑现有铁路危险货物办理站点的各方面条件,进行多准则决策评价,从运输需求者角度考虑运输方式多属性决策,进行铁路危险货物办理站点的综合效用评价,并基于投资成本、环境风险、运输效用和区域公平性等方面构建了铁路危险货物办理站点优化配置模型,为了有效解决多站点、多需求、多区域、多目标铁路危险货物办理站点优化配置模型因素复杂、规模大、层次多的问题,提出了运用大系统分解协调的多目标遗传算法求解模型的思路。     

Herbivores enable plant survival under nutrient limited conditions in a model grazing system

We make a theoretical study of nitrogen cycling in a model of a grazing system with five compartments. The rates of uptake of nutrient by plants and herbivores are allowed nonlinear forms which involve no a priori assumptions about whether the system is subject to top-down or bottom-up control. We derive a method of piecewise linear approximation which allows analytical study of the system. We then use this method to investigate the properties of the equilibrium states of the system, and in particular whether the system favours donor- or recipient-control, the grazing optimization problem, and the potential benefits of herbivory to plant growth. We are able to generalise our results to all uptake functions of the same qualitative class as those considered, and to show that in general the system will tend to a stable equilibrium state of donor-controlled herbivory. In this model, the presence of the ‘right’ class of herbivore is not only beneficial to plant growth in certain circumstances, but can be essential to their survival, allowing plants to co-exist with herbivores under conditions in which they would be unable to survive alone.     

海上应急保障资源调度的多目标模糊规划模型

针对现有应急资源调度模型无法完全适应海上应急保障环境的问题,建立了基于多目标模糊规划的海上应急资源调度模型.首先,将不确定的航行时间和资源需求量表示为三角模糊数,用时间隶属度函数的全积分对模糊应急开始时间进行确定化表示,用需求量隶属度表示需求点所接收的资源数量满足需求的程度.然后,考虑各需求点和各类资源的重要程度,以系统的时效性、需求满意度、安全性和经济性为优化目标建立多目标规划模型,最后,给出了模型的求解方法,并通过算例分析证明了方法的有效性.     

基于多目标决策的水污染负荷分配方法

为科学、合理地配置汇流区域的水污染负荷,从经济最优性、公平性综合决策角度,构建了一个以区域环境经济收益最大化、水污染负荷削减费用和加权综合基尼系数等最小化为目标的水污染负荷分配多目标决策优化模型,并将该模型应用于巢湖流域COD削减负荷分摊中.计算得到合肥市、肥东县、肥西县、巢湖市、庐江县、无为县、含山县、和县和舒城县等...