西北地区土壤中石油类污染物的垂直渗透规律

针对西北地区独特的地理环境，讨论了西北地区油田开发过程中产生的石油类污染物在土壤中的迁移渗透规律及防治措施。由于土壤的吸附作用，石油类污染物主要积聚在土壤表层80cm以内，对表层土壤影响较大。可以采用修建收油池、防渗填埋的处理方法，减少其污染范围。     

持久性有机污染物分析和处理技术研究进展

阐述了持久性有机污染物 (POPs)的特性、POPs对人体健康和生态环境的危害及其判定基准 ,综述了其分析和研究方法及治理技术 ,归纳了POPs的研究内容。     

与环境污染物转化相关的细菌厌氧呼吸研究动态

基于细菌呼吸理论为基础的环境有毒物质降解为环境污染治理提供了新的策略和方法,是近年来研究的热点问题.细菌呼吸是自然界中一个最基本、最重要的生物代谢过程,具有很大的灵活性和多样性,且与生态环境密切相关.在厌氧条件下,细菌利用环境中多种有毒物质作为呼吸链末端电子受体进行厌氧呼吸,在有毒物质被还原甚至降解的同时实现电子在呼吸链上的传递,形成跨膜的质子浓度电势梯度,进而转化为其生长代谢所需的能量.细菌以环境有毒物质为电子受体的厌氧呼吸不断被发现,这对于深入理解细菌呼吸的本质具有重要的理论意义,同时对于有毒物质的降解及元素的生物地球化学循环具重要的环境学意义,对于提高对地球表面有毒物质污染生物修复策略的认识具有重要的现实意义.图1表1参45     

Assessment of bioavailable PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in water, using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), sediments and caged carp

Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were assessed at several freshwater sites in and around the city of Amsterdam. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were caged for 4 weeks at 10 sites, together with semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). In addition, sediment samples were taken at each site. SPMDs and sediments were analysed for PAHs, PCBs and OCPs. Carp muscle tissues were analysed for PCBs and OCP, while PAH metabolites were assessed in fish bile. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase were estimated using three different methods: 1. Using fish tissue concentrations and literature bioconcentration factors (BCFs), 2. Using SPMD levels and a kinetic SPMD uptake model, and 3. Using sediment levels and literature sorption coefficients (K_ocs). Since PAH accumulation in fish is not considered an accurate indicator of PAH exposure, calculated aqueous PAH concentrations from SPMD data were compared with semiquantitatively determined biliary PAH metabolite levels. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase estimated with fish data (Cw_fish) and SPMD data (Cw_spmd) were more in line for compounds with lower K_ow than for compounds with higher K_ow values. This indicates that the assumption of fish–water sorption equilibrium was not valid. At most sites, sediment-based water levels (Cw_sed) were comparable with the Cw_spmd, although large differences were observed at certain sites. A significant correlation was observed between biliary PAH metabolite levels in fish and aqueous PAH concentrations estimated with SPMD data, suggesting that both methods may be accurate indicators of PAH exposure in aquatic ecosystems.     

超临界水氧化法改善有机污染物可生化性的研究

难生化有机污染物二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸或羟基萘磺酸的高浓度水溶液 (4777— 2 82 4 4mg/L) ,经超临界水氧化处理后 ,其可生化性都有了大幅度的提高。二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸和羟基萘磺酸处理前的BOD5/CODCr,分别为 8.4 %、1.5 6 %、1.5 6 %和 2 .73%。经过超临界水氧化处理 ,它们的BOD5/CODCr可分别达到 2 3.2 %、5 5 .1%、5 0 .2 %和 38.8%。且随着处理温度的升高和COD去除率的上升 ,可生化性越来越好。这表明 ,超临界水氧化法不仅可以用来彻底降解有机污染物 ,也可以用于难生化有机污染物的预处理 ,为难生化有机污染物的生物处理创造条件     

An approach to deal with uncertainty in energy and environmental planning: the MARKAL case

This paper presents a new concept to include uncertainty management in energy and environmental planning models developed in algebraic modeling languages. SETSTOCH is a tool for linking algebraic modeling languages with specialized stochastic programming solvers. Its main role is to retrieve from the modeling language a dynamically ordered core model (baseline scenario) that is sent automatically to the stochastic solver. The case presented herein concerns such a study realized with the IEAMARKAL model used by many research teams around the world.     

基于空间插值的西安市重空气污染期间主要污染物时空变化特征及相关性分析

西安市是我国承东启西、连接南北的战略性枢纽城市,但其长期受到重空气污染的影响.基于2018年11月24日-12月3日西安市及其周边7个地级市共38个环境质量监测站点的逐时数据,利用空间插值、趋势分析和相关性分析方法,研究了西安市一次重空气污染期间六大污染物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃）的质量浓度时空变化及彼此间的相关关系.结果表明:①IDW（inverse distance weighting,反距加权插值法）和OKri（ordinary Kriging,普通克里格插值法）均能较好地获得西安市空气污染物的时空变化情况,但IDW的插值精度优于OKri,距离指数为7的IDW可以满足西安市空气污染物时空变化模拟的要求.②研究期间,西安市首要污染物为PM_2.5和PM₁₀,二者分别是中度-重度污染及严重-"爆表"污染天气的首要贡献因子.③ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（SO₂）均呈中部高、两边低,北部高、南部低的空间分布特点,而ρ（O₃）则相反;PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃污染程度日趋严重,NO₂污染程度逐渐缓解.④ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）之间呈中等正相关,三者在时空变化上具有较高的一致性;ρ（SO₂）与ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）均呈弱正相关;ρ（O₃）与ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）均呈弱负相关.受扬尘天气和特殊风向及地形共同影响,西安市PM₁₀出现"爆表"现象,导致ρ（PM₁₀）与其他污染物质量浓度之间的相关性不明显.研究显示,距离指数为7的IDW适合西安市空气污染情况时空变化的模拟,重污染天气条件下,西安市ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）之间具有较高的同源性,但各污染物间时空变化和相关性关系较复杂.      

上海市城市林荫道空间结构对NOx和SO2空间分布特征的影响

为减少城市林荫道中交通污染对道路行人的危害,并为行道树选择和养护管理提供技术参数和理论依据,研究了不同树种、不同绿荫覆盖率下的林荫道中ρ（NO_x）和ρ（SO₂）垂直空间分布及其四季变化特征,找出城市林荫道结构与环境效应相关关系.研究表明:①香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）和悬铃木（Platanus acerifolia）林荫道中ρ（NO_x）范围为0.08~0.18 mg/m3,空气质量为轻微污染;ρ（SO₂）范围为0.02~0.04 mg/m3,空气质量为优.②悬铃木行道树对NO_x的消减效果较香樟好,香樟对SO₂的消减效果较悬铃木好.香樟林荫道的绿荫覆盖率> 90%时对NO_x的消减效果最好,在50%~70%时对SO₂的消减效果最好;悬铃木林荫道的绿荫覆盖率在50%~70%时对NO_x的消减效果最好,在>70%~90%时对SO₂的消减效果最好.③香樟和悬铃木林荫道在春、夏两季空气质量优于秋、冬两季.④香樟林荫道中ρ（NO_x）随高度增加有增大趋势,而悬铃木林荫道中ρ（NO_x）随高度增加有减小趋势;在绿荫覆盖率>70%的香樟林荫道中ρ（SO₂）随高度增加有增大趋势,而在悬铃木和香樟绿荫覆盖率 < 70%的林荫道中ρ（SO₂）在4 m处较小.⑤行道树的树高、枝下高、冠幅、叶面积指数和郁闭度是影响城市林荫道环境效应发挥的重要结构参数.研究显示,林荫道的空间结构对气态污染物NO_x和SO₂的空间分布有明显影响,合理选择树种和修剪模式均有利于提升城市空气环境质量.      

MnCeOx/diatomite catalyst for persulfate activation to degrade organic pollutants

Persulfate(PS)-based oxidation technologies are attracting increasing attentions in water treatment due to their high efficiency and stability.In this study,a novel diatomite supported MnCeO_x composite(MnCeO_x/diatomite) was prepared and characterized for activation of PS to degrade organic pollutants.Results indicated that diatomite not only dispersed MnCeO_x and increased the specific surface area of catalyst,but also improved the low-valence metal site(Mn~(2+)and Ce~(3+)) and reactive oxygen species site(-OH) of MnCeO_x,thus enhancing the activities of MnCeO_x.MnCeO_x/diatomite/PS showed high efficiency for multiple dyes and pharmaceutical pollutants.Constant rate(k) of MnCeO_x/diatomite(k_(MnCeOx/diatomite)) was three times higher than the sum of constant rate of MnCeOx(k_(MnCeO_x))and constant rate of diatomite(k_(diatomite)).In addition,MnCeO_x/diatomite showed wide pH application(5-9).Cl~- and NO_3~(2-) had no effect while SO_4~(2-) and humid acid had slightly negative effects on MnCeOx/diatomite/PS system.Moreover,MnCeOx/diatomite showed good reusability and stability.Mechanism analyses indicated that electron transfer of Mn and Ce attributed to the activation of PS and oxygen to produce free radicals.SO_4·~-,·OH and O_2·~-on the surface of catalyst were the main active free radicals to attack pollutants.