Within-brood patterns of paternity and paternal behavior in red-winged blackbirds

We video-taped male and female red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) feeding individual chicks in order to test the hypothesis that food might be differently allocated to within-pair offspring and extra-pair young. We found no evidence that paternity influenced the allocation of food by either males or females. Both males and females fed male offspring significantly more, but there was no tendency for paternity to be skewed by gender. Females fed older offspring significantly more, whereas males did not; extra-pair fertilizations, however, were not associated with lay or hatch order of the chicks. Given that males do not appear to discriminate within-pair from extra-pair offspring directly, these results are consistent with current theory on the effect of paternity on paternal behavior. We discuss briefly some of the possible reasons why discrimination might be lacking in red-winged blackbirds and in other species in which the possibility of discrimination of paternity and allocation of paternal behavior has been studied.     

新疆核试验场周围地区主要食品中90Sr(锶)、137Cs(铯)水平及其所致居民剂量

本文报道了新疆核试验场周围地区9个调查区17种主要食品中⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs含量分别为1.1~72.3,0.3~40.7×10^-2Bq·Kg^-1;3个对照区分别为1.6~68.4,0.6~27.4×10^-2Bq·Kg^-1。两地区同类食品中⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs平均含量基本一致。调查区⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs所致成年居民有效剂量当量值分别为2μSV(集体剂量当量为30.0人· SV);0.3μSV(4.5人· SV)。对照区分别为2.2μSV(集体剂量当量为20.9人·SV);0.4μSV(3.0人·SV)。可见我国核试验产生的⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对核试验场周围地区食品没有造成明显的局部污染,所致居民剂量当量负担仅为我国天然外照射所致年有效剂量当量(952μSV)的0.2%和0.03%。对该地区的广大居民健康不会产生有害的影响。     

能源安全观助解我国《能源法》之结

中国已相继出台诸如《煤炭法》、《电力法》、《节约能源法》、《可再生能源法》等一系列与能源有关的法律法规,但严峻的能源形势使得一部能源领域的基本法的制定成为迫切需要.美国《能源政策法2005》在一定程度上对我国《能源法》的构建有很好的借鉴意义,但中国要制定《能源法》首先应结合中国的国情对《能源法》进行科学定位.能源安全观作为一种基本理念对把能源安全放在首位的《能源法》来说有着特殊重要的意义,这个基本理念将对《能源法》的基本原则和基本制度的理性建构产生深刻的影响.     

广州市在用汽车排气检测执行新标准的初步分析

在广州市机动车排气检测工作中，对在用汽车（指已上牌的汽车）在路检、抽检、复测和被举报冒黑烟车辆检测已经全面执行GB 18585-2005和GB 3847-2005国家新标准。文章对执行新标准实际工作中的技术问题和检测结果作了初步分析，并提出了相应的建议。     

Revisit ocean thermal energy conversion system

The earth, covered more than70.8% by the ocean, receives most of itsenergy from the sun. Solar energy istransmitted through the atmosphere andefficiently collected and stored in thesurface layer of the ocean, largely in thetropical zone. Some of the energy isre-emitted to the atmosphere to drive thehydrologic cycle and wind. The wind fieldreturns some of the energy to the ocean inthe form of waves and currents. Themajority of the absorbed solar energy isstored in vertical thermal gradients nearthe surface layer of the ocean, most ofwhich is in the tropical region. Thisthermal energy replenished each day by thesun in the tropical ocean represents atremendous pollution-free energy resourcefor human civilization. Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion (OTEC) technology refersto a mechanical system that utilizes thenatural temperature gradient that exists inthe tropical ocean between the warm surfacewater and the deep cold water, to generateelectricity and produce other economicallyvaluable by-products. The science andengineering behind OTEC have been studiedin the US since the mid-seventies,supported early by the U.S. Government andlater by State and private industries.There are two general types of OTECdesigns: closed-cycle plants utilize theevaporation of a working fluid, such asammonia or propylene, to drive theturbine-generator, and open-cycle plantsuse steam from evaporated sea water to runthe turbine. Another commonly known design,hybrid plants, is a combination of the two.OTEC requires relatively low operation andmaintenance costs and no fossil fuelconsumption.OTEC system possesses a formidablepotential capacity for renewable energy andoffers a significant elimination ofgreenhouse gases in producing power. Inaddition to electricity and drinking water,an OTEC system can produce many valuableby-products and side-utilizations, such as:hydrogen, air-conditioning, ice,aquaculture, and agriculture, etc. Thepotential of these by-products, especiallydrinking water, aquaculture andmariculture, can easily translate intobillions of dollars in businessopportunities. The current status of theOTEC system definitely deserves to becarefully revisited. This paper willexamine recent major advancements intechnology, evaluate costs andeffectiveness, and assess the overallmarket environment of the OTEC system anddescribe its great renewable energypotential and overall benefits to thenations of the world.     

抓住呼伦贝尔市建设生态市的历史机遇,促进辉河国家级自然保护区的全面发展

当前呼伦贝尔市正在进行生态市建设，本文就辉河自然保护区在生态环境建设中发挥的作用及其需要采取的措施作了简要分析。     

生态工业园保障体系的建设与完善

本文分析了目前生态工业因的保障体系建设存在的问题,从运行机制、政策法规、科学技术、人力资源、意识能力培养五个方面,分析和探讨了生态工业因保障体系建设的具体内容,构建并完善了生态工业因建设的保障体系框架和内容,为生态工业因的建设提供了有效的保障和支撑.     

水资源安全的度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战

水资源承载力是对水资源安全的一个基本度量,研究水资源承载力对于认识和建设水资源安全保障体系具有重要意义。基于水资源承载力的定义和水资源承载力系统关系,论文给出了水资源承载力的度量与计算方法,包括可利用水资源量、水资源需求量的计算,流域水资源承载力平衡指数、水资源承载力分量的测度等。西北干旱区是我国水资源极为短缺的地区,因此,论文就西北干旱区水资源承载力综合研究的一些关键问题,如变化环境下的流域水循环模拟研究、生态需水研究等进行了重点讨论,并认为水资源承载力的进一步研究应加强水文基础与水资源、社会经济学科的综合研究,促进RS、GIS等信息技术和现有模型方法的结合,并重视区域差异研究。     

水安全保障问题浅议

自然界的水与其它矿产资源的不同,是具有利和有害的二重性。水既有可资利用以为人类社会服务的一面,又有因水带来的危害,如洪涝、干旱现象以及水致疾病的传播的一面。因此,为加强水的安全保障作用,需采取一系列的工程和非工程措施所建立的系统,并在实施该系统时注意以下方面,包括:在确保水源不受损害的条件下为各类用水要求提供适当保证程度的供水,在适应国家经济发展水平和综合国力的前提下,采用适当标准进行江河治理,以努力减轻各类因水引起的灾害损失;千方百计增加可利用水量,开辟新水源;大力推行合理用水和节约用水技术;非常重视保护环境,特别是保护生态系统,以维护人类自下而上环境的持续发展。     

基于灰色马尔科夫模型的机场安检危险品数量预测

机场安检的危险品数量具有动态、随机、非线性等特点,传统的GM(1,1)模型无法对其作出准确的预测。利用灰色GM(1,1)模型对2014年1—5月所查获的危险品数量进行计算、检验,并对6—8月的危险品数量进行预测。首先建立危险品数量的GM(1,1)模型,然后再对其预测值进行修正,结果表明,灰色马尔科夫模型的平均相对误差比灰色预测模型的平均相对误差减小了25.18%,表明灰色马尔科夫模型比单一的灰色预测模型的精度高,该模型是有效可行的,可为航空公司6—8月将要查获的危险品数量预测提供理论基础,以便引起相关部门的高度重视,并采取相应措施以保障旅客安全。