Developing a theoretical foundation to change road user behavior and improve traffic safety: Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC)

Objectives: This study explored a theoretical model to assess the influence of culture on willingness and intention to drive under the influence of cannabis (DUIC). This model is expected to guide the design of strategies to change future DUIC behavior in road users.

Methods: This study used a survey methodology to obtain a nationally representative sample (n = 941) from the AmeriSpeak Panel. Survey items were designed to measure aspects of a proposed definition of traffic safety culture and a predictive model of its relationship to DUIC.

Results: Although the percentage of reported past DUIC behaviors was relatively low (8.5%), this behavior is still a significant public health issue—especially for younger drivers (18–29 years), who reported more DUIC than expected. Findings suggest that specific cultural components (attitudes, norms) reliably predict past DUIC behavior, general DUIC willingness, and future DUIC intention. Most DUIC behavior appears to be deliberate, related significantly to willingness and intention. Intention and willingness both appear to fully moderate the relationship between traffic safety culture and DUIC behavior.

Conclusions: This study explored a theoretical model to understand road user behavior involving drug (cannabis)-impaired driving as a significant risk factor for traffic safety. By understanding the cultural factors that increase DUIC behavior, we can create strategies to transform this culture and sustain safer road user behavior.     

试点碳市场配额有偿分配经验及对全国碳市场的借鉴意义分析

我国7省市碳排放权交易试点经过多年实践,积累了宝贵经验。在配额分配方面,多数试点在免费分配的基础上进行了配额有偿分配的探索,形成了各具特色的有偿分配实践。研究表明,试点碳市场配额有偿分配的经验对全国碳市场配额分配具有重要的参考借鉴意义。建议结合全国碳市场建设和发展实际以及配额分配实施方案的制定,科学合理设计有偿分配相关规则,并建立相应的监管机制。     

QA/QC措施在中哈有机氯农药联合监测工作中的应用

为了说清伊犁河出、入境断面六六六、DDT等4种有机氯农药的检出问题,中国与哈萨克斯坦双方分别在中方的三道河子断面和哈方的杜本断面进行了联合研究性监测。中方采取现场采集平行样并加带全程序空白样品,实验室采用溶剂空白、实验室空白、全程序空白、平行双样以及加标回收分析等质控措施,使哈方专家认可中方监测数据的准确性和有效性,保证了双方的监测结果被中哈环保合作委员会接受和采用。研究以中哈跨界河流实际监测的典型实例,论证了质量保证与质量控制措施（QA/QC）在跨国界河流联合监测工作中的重要作用。     

A Property Rights Approach to Understanding Human Displacement from Protected Areas: the Case of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  The physical, economic, and sociocultural displacement of local peoples from protected areas generates intense discussion among scholars and policy makers. To foster greater precision and clarity in these discussions, we used a conceptual framework from the political economy literature to examine different forms of human displacement from protected areas. Using marine protected areas (MPAs) to ground our analysis, we characterized the 5 types of property rights that are reallocated (lost, secured, and gained) through the establishment of protected areas. All forms of MPA "displacement" involve reallocation of property rights, but the specific types and bundles of rights lost, secured, and gained dramatically shape the magnitude, extent, and equity of MPA impacts—positive and negative—on governance, economic well-being, health, education, social capital, and culture. The impacts of reallocating rights to MPA resources vary within and among social groups, inducing changes in society, in patterns of resource use, and in the environment. To create more environmentally sustainable and socially just conservation practice, a critical next step in conservation social science research is to document and explain variation in the social impacts of protected areas.     

白马雪山国家级自然保护区与周边社区冲突分析

针对白马雪山国家级自然保护区与周边社区村民在环保观念、管理模式、资源利用以及补偿措施等方面的矛盾冲突,对其产生的原因进行了分析,并从社区经济发展、社区村民传统生活习惯约束、社区管理机构完善和少数民族传统文化有效利用等方面提出了主要的缓解冲突的措施和方法。     

大气污染治理的“兰州经验”——基于环境保护与国家治理现代化的考察

近年来,我国大气污染防治工作取得了一定成效,但大气环境整体形势仍然十分严峻,如何防治大气污染成为政府和人民高度重视的问题。兰州市在大气污染治理工作取得了瞩目的效果并在治理活动中形成了丰富的经验,大气污染治理的"兰州经验"为环境治理以及国家治理现代化树立了一个可资借鉴的样板。针对生态文明建设过程中的难题,兰州市在大气污染治理过程中较好地了协调经济发展和环境保护之间的关系,抓住了完善能源结构和产业结构调整这一核心环节。更为重要的是,"兰州经验"体现了国家治理现代化的公共性、共治性以及有效性的核心价值理念,突显了国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要价值。在切实有效的权力运行机制保障下,兰州市在环境治理工作中运用了法治思维和法治方法,以坚强的执行力确保工作实效,同时还实现了广泛的社会参与,使得治理模式更为科学与民主。     

国家资源安全战略视角下金属资源税改革的影响

使用修正后的使用者成本模型核算金属资源的耗竭成本,测算出金属资源税理论税率区间,即金属资源从价计征改革的税率应该在5%-20%之间;然后,构建动态递归CGE模型,模拟分析金属资源税从价计征改革对国民收入、行业、金属资源进出口、金属资源消耗量及社会福利的影响。研究表明,现有金属资源税征收数额低,变化比率大约在0.1%-0.5%区间,远远低于本文测算的5%-20%,金属资源价格对资源配置作用失灵。在对宏观经济影响上,金属资源税从价计征改革会对国民收入产生一定的负向冲击,在同等条件下超过了煤炭对GDP的影响;金属资源税改革对重工业影响达到-1.73%,远高于对其他行业的影响;在税率为17%的情况下,对进出口的负面影响最大;在税率为8%和13%的情景设计下,进出口的损失在经济可以承受的范围之内;从2016年到2020年,税率提升对进出口的影响逐渐减弱;随着金属资源税计征改革,各部门对于金属资源的使用量逐渐降低;8%和13%的资源税税率对居民和政府的收入支出比例影响不大,社会福利损失程度随着税率的不断提高而增加,2016-2020年税率的提高对福利的负面影响程度逐渐减弱。根据这些影响,本文认为在金属资源税从价计征改革初期应将税率设定在8%-10%的范围内,以后再逐步提高;并且建议利用资源税替代出口配额与出口关税等政策措施,通过增加金属资源上游矿产品的供给成本,提高金属矿产品出口价格,这样在达到与金属资源配额和关税政策同等效果的同时,有效避免金属资源领域的贸易纠纷,助推国家资源安全战略的实施;此外,政府应该创新金属资源价格与税收体制改革,建立反映市场供求和金属资源稀缺程度、体现生态价值和代际补偿的金属资源绿色税制,使价格更好地反映金属资源的稀缺性,通过资源税实现金属矿产开发的代际安全。     

昆明至瑞丽公路水毁灾害现状及基本类型

通过对国道３２０线昆明至瑞丽公路水毁灾害历年资料和实地调查分析研究,阐该公路水毁灾害的现状,并将全线的公路水划分为崩塌与滑坡、泥石流、水毁路基、路基沉陷与翻浆四种类型。     

Multi-indicator assessment of water environment in government environmental auditing

This study focused on a multi-indicator assessment methodology for governmental environmental auditing of water protection programs. The environmental status of Wuli Lake in China was assessed using the global indicators （driver-status-response） developed by the Commission on Sustainable Development, and four additional indicators proposed by the author： water quality, pollution load, aquatic ecosystem status, and lake sediment deposition. Various hydrological, chemical, biological and environmental parameters were used to estimate the values of the indicators for assessment of environmental status of the lake based on time series data sets for twenty years. The indicators proposed can be customized to meeting the needs for particular assessment of water protection programs. This method can be used to evaluate the performance of national environmental protection programs and provide technical support for environmental auditors.     

国土空间规划对重点开发区域的经济增长效应研究——武汉城市圈规划的经验证据

"多规融合"的国土空间规划兼具区域发展规划和环境规制的功能,是经济新常态下国家平衡经济增长和环境保护的有力政策工具,而各地普遍实施的国土空间规划能否促进重点开发区域的经济增长,有待实证检验。以武汉城市圈空间规划为例,本文利用2002-2012年间湖北省74个县(市、市辖区)域面板数据,采用双重差分倾向得分匹配方法研究国土空间规划对重点开发区域经济增长的影响。实证结果表明:第一,国土空间规划显著地促进了重点开发区域经济的增长,但对区域内不同行政级别的市辖区和县(市)的经济增长速度具有不同的推动作用,具体表现为分别提高市辖区和县(市)级GDP增长率2.4和1.1个百分点,这一结论在对研究方法的匹配技术进行稳健性检验后依然成立。第二,对国土空间规划推动重点开发区域经济增长实现机制的进一步分析表明,武汉城市圈空间规划实施后,由于区域经济一体化进程的加快和地区之间经济联系的加强,武汉作为区域经济增长极,对相邻市、县的经济溢出效应更加明显,从而推动相邻区域的经济增长。上述研究结论对目前广泛实施的国土空间规划具有重要的政策含义,鉴于国土空间规划推动市辖区经济增长的速度要明显快于县或县级市,今后规划政策的调整要在保持重点开发区域整体经济不断提升的同时兼顾地区间的协调发展,避免空间规划的实施导致内部区域发展差距拉大;在重点开发区域经济得到发展的同时,要逐渐形成其规模集聚效应,为农产品主产区和生态功能区的人口转移提供基础,进而带动整个国土空间的可持续发展。