国民生产总值“绿化”问题的综合分析

在环境科学领域中，通常把从环境的角度出发对国民生产总值ＧＮＰ进行改进的问题称为国民生产总值的“绿化”问题，本文综合地分析了国民生产总值这一指标中存在的问题和已有改进方法的不足，并提出了进一步改进的方向和应注意的问题．     

国家级环境区划理论与方法初探

从全国范围环境区划的角度，阐述了环境区划的理论基础──环境地域分异理论和社会－经济－自然复合生态系统理论，探讨了环境区划的原则，提出了国家级环境区划的方法以及环境区划的等级体系标准与指标体系。     

Science and Society: Marine Reserve Design for the California Channel Islands

Abstract:  We explored the interaction of science and society in attempts to restore impaired marine ecosystems in Channel Islands National Park and National Marine Sanctuary, California. Deteriorating resource conditions triggered a community's desire to change public policy. Channel Islands National Park, one of 40 marine protected areas in the U.S. National Park System, was proclaimed a national monument in 1938 and expanded substantially in 1980 by an act of Congress. Collapse of marine life populations and loss of 80% of the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests in the park between 1980 and 1998 showed that habitat and water quality protection alone had not secured sustainable ocean ecosystems or fisheries. The failed fishery management strategies and practices prompted formal community and agency requests in 1998 for a network of reserves protected from direct fishing impacts to serve as marine recovery areas. A 2-year attempt to build a community consensus based on science for a reserve network successfully identified recovery goals for fisheries, biodiversity, education, economics, and heritage values. Nevertheless, the community group failed to garner unanimous support for a specific reserve network to achieve those common goals. The group submitted a recommendation, supported by 14 of 16 members, to state and federal authorities in 2001 for action in their respective jurisdictions. California adopted the half of the network in state waters in 2003. This process exposed the socioeconomic factors involved in the design of marine protected areas that can be negotiated successfully among groups of people and factors determined by nature that cannot be negotiated. Understanding the differences among the factors was crucial in reaching consensus and changing public policy.     

自吸过滤式逃生呼吸器产品与标准分析

为了促进我国自吸过滤式逃生呼吸器技术和产品质量的提升,科学指导我国国家强制标准《呼吸防护自吸过滤式逃生呼吸器》的制定工作,通过调研分析当前国内外市场上自吸过滤式逃生呼吸器产品现状,系统梳理了相关装备及技术发展情况,研究表明产品的轻量化、防护的广谱性、使用的便捷性与可靠性是现有绝大多数自吸过滤式逃生呼吸器的核心性能要求。在此基础上,结合国外自吸过滤式逃生呼吸器标准,针对我国正在进行的自吸过滤式逃生呼吸器国家强制标准制定工作中应重点关注的问题进行了探讨,以期对下一步国家标准的制定工作提供基本思路和技术支撑。     

Measuring Asset Values and Flow Benefits of Non-Traded Products and Ecosystems Services of Forest and Woodland Resources in South Africa

Conventional measures of economic output, national income and wealth highly underestimate the value and contribution of natural resources to economic welfare. This paper makes estimates of the asset values and flow benefits of non-traded goods and services from forests and woodland resources in South Africa. Four benefit categories were included, namely direct consumptive use values (timber and non-timber products), non-consumptive use values (recreation for example), indirect use values (environmental services such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, etc.), and non-use values (based on contingent valuation by tourists). Asset values were calculated knowing the change in physical stocks and the relevant prices. In South Africa, the increase in assets was equivalent to 1.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) (forests were improving, but fynbos deteriorating), and the flow benefits were equivalent to 0.8% of GDP. These are large magnitudes.     

Factors predicting proclivity and intensity to volunteer for the environment in the US and South Korea

This research compares environmental volunteering among students in South Korea and the US (n = 3612). Given differing environmental histories of these countries, we explore whether and to what extent volunteer proclivity and intensity varies, and potential factors that explain existing variation. Findings suggest that American students are more likely to volunteer for, and devote time to, environmental causes, while South Korean students differ on socio-economic correlates of such behaviour. In a global society, understanding determinants of environmental volunteer participation is critical to the management of environmental NGOs that are involved in broad-based and participatory planning, educating stakeholders and legitimising environmental advocacy.     

Bridging the gaps for global sustainable development: A quantitative analysis

Global human progress occurs in a complex web of interactions between society, technology and the environment as driven by governance and infrastructure management capacity among nations. In our globalizing world, this complex web of interactions over the last 200 years has resulted in the chronic widening of economic and political gaps between the haves and the have-nots with consequential global cultural and ecosystem challenges. At the bottom of these challenges is the issue of resource limitations on our finite planet with increasing population. The problem is further compounded by pleasure-driven and poverty-driven ecological depletion and pollution by the haves and the have-nots respectively. These challenges are explored in this paper as global sustainable development (SD) quantitatively; in order to assess the gaps that need to be bridged.Although there has been significant rhetoric on SD with very many qualitative definitions offered, very few quantitative definitions of SD exist. The few that do exist tend to measure SD in terms of social, energy, economic and environmental dimensions. In our research, we used several human survival, development, and progress variables to create an aggregate SD parameter that describes the capacity of nations in three dimensions: social sustainability, environmental sustainability and technological sustainability. Using our proposed quantitative definition of SD and data from relatively reputable secondary sources, 132 nations were ranked and compared.Our comparisons indicate a global hierarchy of needs among nations similar to Maslow's at the individual level. As in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, nations that are struggling to survive are less concerned with environmental sustainability than advanced and stable nations. Nations such as the United States, Canada, Finland, Norway and others have higher SD capacity, and thus, are higher on their hierarchy of needs than nations such as Nigeria, Vietnam, Mexico and other developing nations. To bridge such gaps, we suggest that global public policy for local to global governance and infrastructure management may be necessary. Such global public policy requires holistic development strategies in contrast to the very simplistic north–south, developed–developing nations dichotomies.     

江苏省水资源利用、水环境保护与国民经济发展关系分析

资源与环境是人类社会赖以生存和发展的物质基础,利用投入产出技术,能定量地研究国民经济发展与资源环境的关系,指导国民经济产业结构向着资源与环境可持续方向健康发展。以作者所编制的2002年江苏省水资源利用、水污染防治投入产出表为基础,通过计算2002年江苏省国民经济各部门直接用水系数与完全用水系数以及COD直接排放系数与完全排放系数,深入分析了各部门对水资源的使用情况和水环境的消耗情况;利用投入产出价格模型,分析和测度了水资源费与排污费征收标准单独变动及同时变动等5种不同情况下江苏省国民经济各部门产品价格的变化率,进一步分析研究了水资源费与排污费征收标准调整对国民经济各部门的影响;最后依据上述计算分析结果,给出了江苏省国民经济不同行业今后调整的一些建议和意见.     

文化对机组资源管理的影响

针对国内民航机组资源管理(CRM)及训练中忽视文化的作用和影响的现状,在调研和分析国外CRM与文化影响的基础上,笔者结合国内民航的运行特点,总结、分析了民族文化、组织文化,以及职业文化对机组协作与配合,CRM训练等方面的积极与消极影响,提出中国民航应根据自身的文化特点调整CRM训练的内容和实施方式,并应从3个层面采取措施来提高CRM及其训练的效果,即航空公司CRM训练的设计、实施与评估;飞机制造商在进行驾驶舱人-机界面设计,以及政府部门在对航空器进行适航审定时,应充分识别不同文化的差异、在强化各种文化类型积极影响的同时,努力降低或消除其消极影响。     

环境空气质量国家标准的演变与比较

环境空气质量标准是进行环境空气质量监测、评价和管理的重要规范。研究了环境空气质量国家标准的形成、现状与发展,重点分析了环境空气质量标准的演变内容和背景依据及新标准与典型发达国家或组织标准的差异。结果表明,环境空气质量国家标准的污染物项目、标准形式不断更新完善,浓度阈值更加严格,标准修订的依据和程序更加科学完善。虽然在某些方面仍与其他发达国家标准有一定差距,但总体来说,新标准的建立以及实施有助于我国建立更加完善的环境空气质量管理体系。