不同退耕还草方式下宁夏南部山区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物变化的耦合关系

为了明确不同退耕还草方式下土壤养分转化的机理及其影响因素,以宁夏南部山区(下称宁南山区)天然草地、人工草地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,运用PVC顶盖埋管法对3种类型草地土壤中氮素的净转化速率、微生物区系和氮素微生物生理群进行了研究,探讨土壤氮素净转化速率与微生物的关系. 结果表明:①在培养过程中,3种草地类型土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量平均值分别为9.6×105、3.8×104和4.0×101 CFU/g(以干土计),氮素微生物生理群数量表现为氨化细菌(4.5×104 CFU/g)>自生固氮菌(4.3×103 CFU/g)>硝化细菌(6.5×102 CFU/g)>反硝化细菌(3.9×102 CFU/g)>亚硝化细菌(1.7×102 CFU/g),其中,人工草地土壤中微生物数量最高;②细菌、真菌、反硝化细菌与亚硝化细菌数量的峰值均出现在培养第120天,放线菌和自生固氮菌数量的峰值均出现在第240天,硝化细菌数量的峰值出现在第60天,而氨化细菌数量在各类型草地土壤中出现峰值的时间不统一;③各类型草地土壤氮素的净矿化速率、净氨化速率、净硝化速率均在61~120 d内最低,净矿化速率与净硝化速率在181~240 d内最高,净氨化速率在241~360 d内最高,微生物固氮速率的峰值出现在121~180 d,最低值出现在241~360 d. 在该区土壤氮素转化速率与微生物数量紧密相关,土壤温度、土壤水分通过影响微生物数量而成为影响土壤氮素矿化的主要因素;土壤氮素的生物固持过程比有机氮矿化过程更为活跃;种植苜蓿的人工草地比天然草地和撂荒地更有利于微生物的繁殖与土壤氮素的矿化.      

天然水体溶解性有机物(DOM)分级组分对典型城市源污染的荧光响应

运用化学(树脂)分级方法和三维荧光光谱技术,从总体溶解性有机物(DOM)到DOM各分级组分,逐步深入考察其总体分级特征及各组分三维荧光特征对典型城市生活源污染的响应特征和机理. 总体DOM分级特征对污染的产生和变化响应较弱,而DOM的分级组分对生活源污染具有较好的响应特性. DOM的总体分级特征表明,无污染的源头水DOM中以憎水酸(HoA)为主(相对含量最高),其次为亲水性物质(HiM),而受污染水体DOM中的憎水性碱和中性物质(HoBN)及弱憎水酸(WHoA)的绝对含量和相对含量均明显增高,表明用HoBN和WHoA组分相对含量的增加指示污染的增加具有一定的可行性. 研究各分级组分的三维荧光光谱结构特征表明,HoA,HoBN及HiM均对城市源污染具有良好的响应特性,受污染水体的HoA和HoBN组分荧光特征信息更为突出和丰富,且主要为具有紫外吸收的生物代谢类蛋白物质;最为特异的是WHoA组分,其在源头水中主要为含共轭结构的富里酸类物质,而在受污染水体中该类物质几乎消失且荧光响应也急剧降低. 分析式分级法获得的水体DOM主要分级组分对城市源污染具有较好的响应特性.      

4种吸附剂对对氯苯酚的吸附性能

研究了常温（18℃）条件下粉末活性炭（PAC）、颗粒活性炭（GAC）、天然膨润土和天然海泡石4种吸附剂对对氯苯酚（4-CP）的静态吸附规律,考察了投加灭活活性污泥对吸附性能的影响。结果表明：4种吸附剂对4-CP的吸附符合Langmiur和Freundlich吸附等温式,且吻合良好;4种吸附剂对4-CP的饱和吸附量不同,大小顺序为：PAC〉GAC〉天然膨润土〉天然海泡石;灭活活性污泥与4种吸附剂共存时,降低了4种吸附剂对4-CP的吸附能力。     

Sensitive issues in natural resource management and discursive strategies addressing them

In natural resource management facilitation literature, little attention is paid to sensitive issues in multi-stakeholder interaction and learning. This article aims to fill this gap. It discusses the variety of discursive strategies used by stakeholders to address sensitive issues with regard to fishery management in Benin, in three different settings: individual interviews, homogeneous groups' discussions, and a heterogeneous group meeting. Issues that proved sensitive were discussed openly in the interviews or homogeneous groups' discussions, but not at all, or only indirectly, in the heterogeneous group meeting. With indirect discursive strategies, two out of the seven sensitive issues were put on the discussions' agenda. We conclude that the other issues were too sensitive among others because of historically grown interdependency between interventionists and fishers. We suggest that dealing with sensitive issues is an important dimension of the facilitation of interactive learning processes and provide methodological guidelines to detect and address such issues.     

Studying common-pool resources over time: A longitudinal case study of the Buen Hombre fishery in the Dominican Republic

Like many small-scale fishing communities around the world, the community of Buen Hombre in the Dominican Republic is dealing with a set of challenges to reconcile its fishing activities with the ecology on which it depends. Also like many such communities, this case has been examined at a particular period in time by a group of social scientists, but not over substantial lengths of time in order to examine the longitudinal validity of the conclusions made during this period. In this paper we combine data from previous anthropological work with our own primary social and ecological data to conduct a longitudinal case study of the Buen Hombre fishery. Our over-time comparison focuses on a suite of mostly social and institutional variables to explain what we find to be a continued degradation of the fishery, and we conclude the analysis by presenting a causal-loop diagram, summarizing our inferences regarding the complex interactions among these variables. We find that a mix of factors, notably changes in gear and fishing sites used, the number of fishermen and their livelihood diversity, as well as an increased connectivity between Buen Hombre and its external environment, have contributed to the decline of the condition of Buen Hombre coral reef fishery. We conclude with a discussion of what may lie ahead for this particular case and others like it.     

Shrines in Central Italy conserve plant diversity and large trees

Sacred natural sites (SNS) are instances of biocultural landscapes protected for spiritual motives. These sites frequently host important biological values in areas of Asia and Africa, where traditional resource management is still upheld by local communities. In contrast, the biodiversity value of SNS has hardly been quantitatively tested in Western contexts, where customs and traditions have relatively lost importance due to modernization and secularization. To assess whether SNS in Western contexts retain value for biodiversity, we studied plant species composition at 30 SNS in Central Italy and compared them with a paired set of similar but not sacred reference sites. We demonstrate that SNS are important for conserving stands of large trees and habitat heterogeneity across different land-cover types. Further, SNS harbor higher plant species richness and a more valuable plant species pool, and significantly contribute to diversity at the landscape scale. We suggest that these patterns are related not only to pre-existent features, but also to traditional management. Conservation of SNS should take into account these specificities, and their cultural as well as biological values, by supporting the continuation of traditional management practices.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0738-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国天然气价格管制的碳排放及经济影响——基于非完全竞争CGE模型的模拟研究

中国天然气产业的最大特点是垄断程度较强,政府对天然气产业的各个环节均存在价格管制。鉴于此,本文通过构建CGE模型以期全面量化分析政府对天然气产业价格管制政策变动产生的影响,从而为政府制定决策提供可供借鉴的依据。与以往的研究不同,本文构建的静态CGE模型,不仅刻画了天然气产业非完全竞争的市场结构还刻画了政府对天然气产业的价格管制行为。运用该模型,本文分别从消费侧以及供应侧的角度模拟了政府对天然气产业价格管制政策变动对我国碳排放及经济的影响,并且从经济结构以及能源消费结构的角度进一步分析了天然气价格管制政策变动的二氧化碳排放机制。模拟结果表明:1消费侧价格管制。提高天然气价格能够通过产业结构调整以及能源消费结构调整降低经济主体对天然气的消费进而降低二氧化碳的排放,同时由于天然气市场规模的缩小导致天然气产业的超额利润率有所下降。提高天然气价格提高了居民消费价格指数(CPI),降低了实际GDP以及居民福利水平。降低天然气价格对二氧化碳排放的影响、传导机制以及经济影响与提高天然气价格产生的影响类似,但是作用效果基本上相反。2供应侧价格管制。取消天然气供应侧价格管制能够通过优化要素配置促进实际GDP的增长、居民福利水平的改善并且降低居民消费价格指数(CPI),在收入效应的作用下不仅提高了经济主体对天然气的消费还提高了对能源总量的消费,从而增加了二氧化碳排放,同时由于天然气市场规模的扩大促进了天然气产业超额利润率的增长。因此,应该逐渐建立完善的天然气价格管理体制,确保天然气资源的有效利用;对天然气产业超额利润率进行管控,避免产生较大的负面收入分配效应;逐步取消天然气供应侧的价格管制,打破行政垄断,引入市场竞争机制,推动天然气产业的市场化进程。     

生态文明产权制度的界定、分类及框架研究

生态文明产权制度是生态文明制度体系建设的根基。生态文明产权制度可划分为自然资源产权制度、环境资源产权制度和气候资源产权制度三大类别。自然资源产权制度包含水权、林权、矿权、渔权和能权,环境资源产权制度包含排污权和生态权,气候资源产权制度包含碳排污权和碳汇。在大国责任的国际背景下,生态文明产权可用总量控制是硬性约束,必须以自然、环境和气候资源的产权总量控制为前提,确保全国总体生态水平在可预见的时间达到可控制的范围之内。有效地推进自然、环境和气候资源的初始产权界定,运用生态文明产权价格机制促进生态文明产权交易,并运用生态文明产权保护制度确保初始产权界定、产权交易机制和产权价格机制的顺利推进和开展。形成以产权总量控制为前提,以初始产权的界定和分配为基础,以产权交易机制为手段,以产权价格机制为核心,以产权保护制度为保障生态文明产权制度框架。     

基于自然生态单元的中国城乡建设用地空间格局特征分析

基于经济和社会视角的国家尺度城市空间格局研究取得重要进展,而全国城市空间格局的自然生态关联性呈现新的研究需求。由此通过自然生态单元等级划分并与城乡建设用地叠加,揭示了全国城乡建设用地在自然生态单元的空间格局特征及其主要问题:在一级生态功能区中,生态调节区面积最广,主要分布在我国西北、西南和东北等生态脆弱地区,但其内部城乡建设用地占比最小仅为0.69%,产品提供区城乡建设用地的占比为2.74%,人居保障区面积最小且集中分布在我国东部沿海地区,但其城乡建设用地占比最大,高达11.20%;城乡建设用地在自然生态单元的分布差异总体由自然地貌与大河流域特征决定,城镇群区、农产品提供区和土壤保持区占据79.54%的城乡建设用地,位于平原水网、丘陵、喀斯特和丹霞等地貌特征为主的胡焕庸线东南部;城乡建设用地分布格局也表现为东多西少,与我国三大阶梯的地势格局分布较为一致;上述格局关联性体现了人和环境之间的相互依存关系,但近些年来在开发需求膨胀和工程技术进步等人为因素驱动下,城乡建设用地呈现向较高海拔地区的扩张趋势。这为新型城镇化背景下城乡可持续发展和生态安全格局构建提供基础信息,也为辨识中国城市空间组织和演化机理提供技术支撑。     

Revealing the Diversity of Natural Hydrologic Regimes in California with Relevance for Environmental Flows Applications

Alterations to flow regimes for water management objectives have degraded river ecosystems worldwide. These alterations are particularly profound in Mediterranean climate regions such as California with strong climatic variability and riverine species highly adapted to the resulting flooding and drought disturbances. However, defining environmental flow targets for Mediterranean rivers is complicated by extreme hydrologic variability and often intensive water management legacies. Improved understanding of the diversity of natural streamflow patterns and their spatial arrangement across Mediterranean regions is needed to support the future development of effective flow targets at appropriate scales for management applications with minimal resource and data requirements. Our study addresses this need through the development of a spatially explicit reach‐scale hydrologic classification for California. Dominant hydrologic regimes and their physio‐climatic controls are revealed, using available unimpaired and naturalized streamflow time‐series and generally publicly available geospatial datasets. This methodology identifies eight natural flow classes representing distinct flow sources, hydrologic characteristics, and catchment controls over rainfall‐runoff response. The study provides a broad‐scale hydrologic framework upon which flow‐ecology relationships could subsequently be established towards reach‐scale environmental flows applications in a complex, highly altered Mediterranean region.