自然资源资产负债表编制中生态损益核算

生态损益核算是自然资源资产负债表的重要部分,是对自然资源分类核算的扩展和补充。本文梳理生态损益核算的总体思路,系统总结生态损益核算技术,以围场县为例进行实证,遵循先实物后价值的核算原则,选择森林、草地、湿地生态系统,按不同的生态服务指标进行实物量和价值量的核算,并在已有的核算基础上计算各类型生态系统的实物量参数和价值量参数,以便根据面积统计数据进行快速简洁的核算比较。研究发现：围场县2015年生态系统服务功能价值量总值为338.99亿,与2013年相比增加了0.04%。生态系统服务功能价值量从大到小依次为草地、森林、湿地,核算期间森林和草地生态系统价值量分别下降0.06%和0.22%,湿地生态系统价值量增加4.47%。研究成果有助于全面理解和量化自然资源数量变化和质量变化带来的生态效应,并为自然资源资产负债表中的负债核算提供数据基础。     

干湿交替对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率的影响

以川中丘陵区自然沟渠沉积物为研究对象,设置低强度、中强度、高强度的干湿交替频率和长期淹水对照处理,运用室内原状土柱-乙炔抑制培养法和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了干湿交替对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及相关功能基因的影响.结果表明：在试验模拟过程中,干湿交替显著降低了沉积物中NH₄⁺-N和DOC含量,沉积物中NO₃^--N含量则表现为先增加后减少的趋势.沉积物反硝化速率均值表现为中强度（266.42 μg·m^-2·h^-1） > 高强度（199.10 μg·m^-2·h^-1） > 低强度（152.93 μg·m^-2·h^-1） > 长期淹水（9.57 μg·m^-2·h^-1）.干湿交替增加了反硝化功能基因的拷贝数（p<0.05）,nosZ基因拷贝数在实验前后无显著差异;低强度和中强度处理的nirK基因拷贝数在实验前后差异显著,中强度处理的nirS基因拷贝数在实验前后差异显著.Pearson相关分析结果表明,沉积物的反硝化速率与NO₃^--N含量、ORP和nirK基因拷贝数呈显著正相关（p<0.05）.干湿交替可能主要通过改变沉积物的NO₃^--N含量、ORP和nirK基因拷贝数影响沉积物反硝化速率.     

基于Windows DEA模型的我国自然灾害应急公共投入绩效研究

为提升自然灾害应急公共投入绩效评价的精准性、科学性,运用动态绩效评价Windows DEA模型,结合应急处置结果,对我国近年来自然灾害领域的应急公共投入绩效进行全面系统评价,研究结果表明:我国应急公共投入效率不高且有较大改善空间;应急公共投入效率较高的省（区、市）未能产生辐射效应;我国应急公共投入效率呈现“滞后性”,即当年投入的应急公共投入在当年未得到相应产出。     

多灾种概念辨析及灾害事故关系研究综述

随着人类社会的不断发展,各种各样的突发事件对人类的生产生活环境造成了重大影响,为了更好地应对突发事件,需要充分考虑和深入分析突发事件所带来的各种威胁。然而,目前对于灾害事故等多灾种之间的相互关系,仍存在描述众多,概念混淆的问题。在广泛调研的基础上,梳理、归纳和补充灾害事故间关系现有的概念和定义,以及相关名词的运用场景,将灾害事故等多灾种情形归纳为灾害事故相互增强、灾害事故互斥削弱、灾害事故互不影响3大类,Natech事件、灾害链、多米诺效应、人为激发灾害、灾害事故集等10小类,并详细阐述其含义,并进一步举出对应的案例;同时,在整理多灾种风险分析的研究现状基础上,对未来多灾种风险分析的研究提出展望。     

对天然气水合物预防管理保障安全生产的研究

为了保障陆上气田冬季天然气安全生产,防止因天然气水合物导致安全事故,采用鱼骨图法对陆上气田天然气水合物产生的原因进行系统分析。分析显示,导致天然气水合物产生的根本原因,出现在天然气产能建设和日常生产管理各环节,以及单井、输气管道和集气站各生产场所,为防止天然气水合物产生,针对原因采用5W1H法进行管理,从而达到对冬季天然气生产主要安全风险进行有效控制的目标。     

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas(CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0–10 km/hr were increased to 10–20 km/hr, the CO_2, CO, nitrogen oxide(NO_x), and total hydrocarbon(THC) emission factors decreased by(71.6 ± 4.3)%,(65.6 ± 9.5)%,(64.9 ± 9.2)% and(67.8 ± 0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards(Euro Ⅳ) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro Ⅱ emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0–10 km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO_2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most(by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%.     

高含硫天然气净化厂工程建设期环境监理实践要点分析

环境监理作为一种事中监管手段,能实现建设项目环境管理由事后管理向全过程管理的转变.基于高含硫天然气净化厂工程环境监理的工作实践,分析高含硫天然气净化厂工程产污环节及其产生的主要污染物,介绍了高含硫天然气净化厂工程开展建设期环境监理的必要性和实践要点,主要包括设计环保符合性核查、环保设施“三同时”、环境风险防范措施、隐蔽工程等,并对该类建设项目建设期环境监理工作存在的问题给出了对策及建议.     

Community resilience to natural disasters in the informal settlements in Mwanza City,Tanzania

The impacts of natural disasters on communities living in hazard prone areas are wide ranging and complex. In Mwanza, steep slopes, rocky hills and river valleys are inhabited by society's poorest people. These areas are prone to natural disasters. Residents have accumulated coping mechanisms for disaster risks and impact reduction. We combine spatial data, household surveys and data from focus groups to identify and rank areas based on their exposure to major disasters. We also examine household and communal mitigation efforts in relation to these disasters. Most areas of the city are exposed to at least one of the natural disasters studied. Pre- and post-disaster risk reduction measures are influenced by the site of homesteads and the socioeconomic situation of households. Current resilience measures are skewed towards the development of physical infrastructure. The challenge of reducing disaster risks in Mwanza involves recognizing the role of non-infrastructure based factors that promote urban resilience to natural disasters.     

建筑,消融于环境——基于消融性的建筑造型设计手法探析

站在环境美学的角度,从建筑造型形态入手,研究建筑如何实现与环境的相互消融。在明确消融性意义的基础上,通过实例论证和分析总结的方法,从地形消融和元素消融等两方面进行具体阐明,在建筑与环境的矛盾日益突出的情况下,以期为二者的融合找到契合点,进而创造环境的建筑,实现环境美并为建筑造型的设计提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

Reframing the concept of alternative livelihoods

Alternative livelihood project (ALP) is a widely used term for interventions that aim to reduce the prevalence of activities deemed to be environmentally damaging by substituting them with lower impact livelihood activities that provide at least equivalent benefits. ALPs are widely implemented in conservation, but in 2012, an International Union for Conservation of Nature resolution called for a critical review of such projects based on concern that their effectiveness was unproven. We focused on the conceptual design of ALPs by considering their underlying assumptions. We placed ALPs within a broad category of livelihood‐focused interventions to better understand their role in conservation and their intended impacts. We dissected 3 flawed assumptions about ALPs based on the notions of substitution, the homogenous community, and impact scalability. Interventions based on flawed assumptions about people's needs, aspirations, and the factors that influence livelihood choice are unlikely to achieve conservation objectives. We therefore recommend use of a sustainable livelihoods approach to understand the role and function of environmentally damaging behaviors within livelihood strategies; differentiate between households in a community that have the greatest environmental impact and those most vulnerable to resource access restrictions to improve intervention targeting; and learn more about the social–ecological system within which household livelihood strategies are embedded. Rather than using livelihood‐focused interventions as a direct behavior‐change tool, it may be more appropriate to focus on either enhancing the existing livelihood strategies of those most vulnerable to conservation‐imposed resource access restrictions or on use of livelihood‐focused interventions that establish a clear link to conservation as a means of building good community relations. However, we recommend that the term ALP be replaced by the broader term livelihood‐focused intervention. This avoids the implicit assumption that alternatives can fully substitute for natural resource‐based livelihood activities.