Relative Assessment of Indicators in Sustainability Enhancement (RAISE): a first approach in the manufacturing stage of products

The estimation of the sustainability performance of products requires tools to provide systematic approaches to the definition of impacts, indicators and comparative scenarios from early design stages. This paper illustrates the Relative Assessment of Indicators in Sustainability Enhancement (RAISE) methodology that is based on the measure of negative impacts generated during any product life cycle stage. This approach includes a systematic process for the definition and evaluation of indicators to compare the sustainability performance of products considering each indicator individually and using a holistic index of sustainability to entail an overall comparison between products from manufacturing scenarios. The RAISE method is developed with the aim of assessing sustainability performance of product life cycle stages and incorporating this assessment into the decision-making process when comparing different manufacturing scenarios. A guitar capo manufactured in polymeric material is used as case study to demonstrate the use of the method. In this paper, only the manufacturing stage is considered; however, the method can also be employed in other stages of the life cycle.     

Developing Communication Strategies for Mitigating Actions Against Global Warming: Linking Framing and a Dual Processing Model

Although there is increasing public awareness of global warming, there is a gap between such perception and relevant actions to combat the problem. In order to develop effective strategies for facilitating public actions, in this paper we draw upon framing theory and a dual processing model. Based on an experiment involving 261 participants from a large public university in Taiwan, this study found that by framing global warming as a local issue, communication messages can trigger both analytic (issue relevance) and affective (negative emotions) appraisals, which, in turn, will increase people's intentions to take actions. This study provides important insights for government and environmental groups when designing communication campaigns on this issue.     

Emotions and beliefs after a disaster: a comparative analysis of Haiti and Indonesia

A number of studies have examined emotional and belief responses following a disaster, yet there has been limited comparative analysis of responses to disasters in different places. This paper reviews the results of 366 questionnaires that evaluated key emotional and belief concepts in Haiti after the earthquake on 12 January 2010 (n=212) and in Indonesia after the earthquake in Yogyakarta on 27 May 2006 (n=154). The results indicate significant differences between the responses in the two settings, particularly in relation to feelings of impunity, self‐blame for the disaster, regret about pre‐earthquake behaviour, and a sense of justice in the world. Furthermore, the impacts of age, education, and gender on responses also were different in the two case study sites. Overall, the results suggest that understanding the cultural, religious, and social contexts of different disaster locales is important in comprehending the emotions and beliefs that manifest themselves in the wake of a major disaster.     

Environmental Capital,Negative Externality and Carbon Finance Innovation

In the context of global climate change,the internalization of negative externality,which is brought about by the traditional mode of economic growth,has become an inevitable choice.In order to achieve the internalization,it is necessary to make innovations on the market mechanism and system,find the value of environmental capital,establish a new mode of economic growth based on environmental capital,and then transform the environmental capital,an exogenous factor of economic growth,into an endogenous factor.Of this,the key of market mechanism and system innovation is the financial innovation that is based on environmental capital and negative externality;the government defines the initial property right of environmental resources and establishes environment energy trading market,so as to guide enterprises to trade environmental resources(represented by carbon emission permit trading) based on the Clean Development Mechanism,and to vigorously develop environmental finance and carbon finance.     

湖北省旅游景区大气负氧离子浓度分布特征以及气象条件的影响

通过利用湖北省气象服务中心在全省27个旅游景区内建设的30个大气负氧离子自动监测站数据,对湖北省旅游景区大气负氧离子浓度分布特征及气象条件对负氧离子浓度的影响进行了分析。研究表明：湖北省旅游景区的大气负氧离子资源十分丰富,西部山区高于东部平原地区,整体呈现从东向西、从北向南逐渐增加的趋势,鄂西南地区为全省大气负氧离子最为丰富的地区,负氧离子浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,秋季略大于春季。从3月开始,负氧离子浓度逐月增加,至8月达到最大值,后又逐渐减小。凌晨和上午的负氧离子浓度要大于下午和晚上,夜间呈逐渐上升的趋势。大气负氧离子浓度晴天最大,阴天小于晴天,而雾霾天和小雨天负氧离子浓度均较小;中雨以上降水、闪电活动与负氧离子浓度呈正相关。     

Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials.In order to find out the fuffural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process,we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition.Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight decreased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml.Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml.At the same time,the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition.The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.     

婴儿脐带血和母亲血中多溴联苯醚的研究

为研究环境污染物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)在人体的含量,采集了21对婴儿脐带和母亲静脉血样,用气相色谱和质谱法进行测定.结果表明,在所检测的7个PBDEs同系物(BDE-28,-47,-99,-100,-153,-154和-183)中,BDE-47和BDE-153为最主要的同系物.总PBDEs的含量分布于1.5~17ng/g;略高于挪威报道的含量水平,但低于瑞典和德国,远低于美国所报道的水平.      

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

北京山谷风环流特征分析及其对PM2.5浓度的影响

利用北京地区2013~2015年秋冬季各自动站气象要素数据、大气所铁塔资料以及海淀气象站风廓线数据和该地区PM2.5浓度数据,挑选典型个例分析山谷风环流特征及其对PM2.5浓度的影响.经过分析发现,谷风(山风)平均风速为0.55m·s~(-1)(0.31 m·s~(-1)).秋季(冬季)谷风平均持续时间为9h(6h),秋季(冬季)谷风开始时刻为11:00(13:00);秋季(冬季)山风持续时间为13 h(16 h),秋季(冬季)山风开始时刻为21:00(20:00);受北京地区地形等的影响,山谷风转化的风向分界线为东北-西南向,秋季山风前沿压到南二环,冬季山风前沿压到南三环;山、谷风在形成及发展变化的过程中,其厚度有着明显的变化,谷风(山风)秋冬季的平均厚度为700~1 000 m(300~600 m);无论是秋季还是冬季,一天中平均PM2.5浓度开始上升的时刻南部早于北部,秋季PM2.5浓度开始上升的时刻要早于冬季,而开始下降的时刻秋季会晚于冬季.北京地区秋(冬)季空气污染南北差异较大的过渡区处于南二环(南三环),并会随着时间的推移向南移动.秋(冬)季该现象的持续时间为4 h(2h).并且,在研究中发现,PM2.5与山谷风之间可能存在着一定的正负反馈作用.     

浒苔生物炭对滨海盐碱土壤改良的效果及途径

利用生物炭改善逆境土壤越来越受到人们关注,浒苔生物炭用于滨海盐碱土修复,不但可资源化利用浒苔,还可提高滨海土地储备规模.本文采用批量土壤培养的方法,探索0%～3%添加量的浒苔生物炭对盐碱土壤改良的效果和途径.结果表明,适用于盐碱土壤改良的浒苔生物炭最佳制备温度为400℃,最适添加量为1.5%;最适添加量下,浒苔生物炭虽提高土壤盐度(0.12%)和pH值(1.49%),产生负效应,但同时降低土壤Na⁺/K⁺ 55.73%,增加矿物质元素1倍以上,提高水分传导性能等正效应;浒苔生物炭改善土壤理化及生物性质,提高营养物质含量、增强微生物活性和改善土壤营养可利用性,产生正效应,表现为降低土壤容重11.35%,提高有机质42.64%,提高总碳与总磷中有机碳与有效磷占比3.84倍和4.15倍,分别提升土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性2.39、 1.18和1.50倍.因此,浒苔生物炭对盐碱土的正效应多于负效应,可用于滨海盐碱土改良.本研究为浒苔的资源化利用及滨海盐碱区生态环境改善提供新的路径.