Neighborhood effects in bird distributions,Navarre, Spain

This study examines the role of neighborhood effects in the spatial distributions of selected bird species in Navarre, Spain. We employed a geographic information system (GIS) to organize the data on bird distributions and relevant environmental variables and to analyze their spatial patterns. Three bird species were selected for analysis: the European honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), and the European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Selected environmental variables of the study area were digitized to create a comprehensive data base and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the significance of each variable in the spatial distribution. The spatial patterns of bird distributions were used to extract topological relationships and to identify neighborhood effects. Although all the selected species illustrate a pattern of positive spatial autocorrelation in their distributions, the significance of neighborhood effects varies from species to species. Among the selected species, neighborhood effects are most evident in the distribution of the European pied flycatcher and are significant for the Eurasian hobby. The distribution of the European honey-buzzard is not much affected by neighborhood effects. The results suggest that examination of neighborhood effects is a prerequisite for modeling bird distributions.     

在城区基础建设中发挥生态建设的作用

为了使北京市城区基础建设与环境保护协调发展,将城市基础建设中的污染降低,具体分析了基础建设的特点和存在的环境问题,并提出对策,提倡在城区基础建设中发挥生态建设的作用。     

"九五"期间昆明市盘龙区酸雨状况分析

本文通过对盘龙区‘‘九五"期间降水监测结果进行评价,得出昆明市中心区酸雨的变化趋势,并加以分析,提出对策建议.     

白云湖湿地生态功能区规划及保障措施

在实地调查的基础上,根据资源经济学、生态经济学的理论和方法,针对白云湖湿地资源的主要功能特点,对其各个区域的生态服务功能价值--直接利用价值和间接利用价值进行了货币化评估,由此进行湿地功能区域划分,并对各个区域进行了现状分析,从而得出最优目标,以期达到在保护好湿地生态环境的基础上进行资源的合理开发,实现湖区湿地资源的可持续利用,保证湖区经济和社会的可持续发展.     

历史街区旅游开发初探

在阐释历史街区内涵的基础上，研究了历史街区旅游开发的问题。通过分析历史街区旅游开发的必要性及可能带来的负面影响，依据历史街区的保护原则，借鉴国内外历史古城旅游利用的基本思路，提出了历史街区旅游开发的“主客相融”模式和“低密高质”模式。     

A SUCCESSFUL WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN A SEMIARID REGION OF NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: Ground water irrigation pumpage of the High Plains Aquifer is controlled at the state level in Texas and Oklahoma but at the regional level in Kansas and Nebraska. Critical declines in the aquifer that threatened the reliability of local public water supply wells prompted Nebraska's Upper Republican Natural Resources District (URNRD) to mandate water restrictions in 1978. Under current regulations, irrigators may not extract more than 1,842 millimeters of water per certified hectare (ha) in any five‐year period. Meter monitoring ensures that irrigators comply with restrictions. Farmers now incorporate irrigation scheduling into their cropping practices in order to meet URNRD controls. This study examines whether irrigators are using ground water efficiently while complying with pumpage limits. Crop irrigation requirements (CIR) from 1986 to 1999 were derived from a water balance approach incorporating Penman‐Monteith evapotranspira‐tion (ET) calculations from weather data supplied by the High Plains Climate Center automated weather station network. A ratio of average water pumped per well to the CIR was developed to verify irrigation efficiency. Results indicate that irrigation applications were less than CIR during most irrigation seasons. Irrigation efficiency increases can be attributed to crop rotations, favorable growing season precipitation, use of ET estimates to schedule irrigation, and water allocations limited to less than all certified hectares.     

兰州市西固区土壤中PAHs污染特征及来源解析

为了解石油工业区土壤中PAHs(多环芳烃)的污染特征、来源及潜在危害,选择兰州市西固区为研究区域,系统采集表层土壤样品及部分剖面样品,采用GC-MS检测方法,分析了土壤中PAHs的污染水平与分布、来源及潜在致癌风险. 结果表明:研究区表层(0~20 cm)土壤中w(∑PAHs)(22种PAHs的总质量分数)在535～32 300 μg/kg之间;PAHs在土壤剖面的纵向分布上主要集中在5～10 cm,在0～25 cm范围内变化不明显;表层土壤中PAHs主要以2～3环为主. 相关性分析显示,土壤中w(∑PAHs)与w(TOC)无显著的相关性,表明TOC并非影响土壤中PAHs持留的重要因素. 研究区土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油、生物质和煤炭的燃烧,∑TEQ_BaP (22种PAHs的毒性当量浓度,以苯并芘等效浓度计)平均值为190 μg/kg,表明土壤中PAHs的潜在致癌性较低.      

基于GIS和RUSLE模型的万州区土壤保持服务功能空间分布特征

土壤保持服务是重要的生态系统服务之一,代表生态系统对土壤侵蚀所起到的削减和改善作用。以万州为研究区,基于GIS平台和修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),运用降雨、DEM等数据建模,探讨万州区土壤保持服务功能的空间分布特征并分析其影响因素。结果显示:(1)万州区土壤保持总量为1 435.84×10~5t/a,单位面积年均土壤保持量为417.91 t/(hm~2·a),具有较高的土壤保持服务功能重要性;(2)土壤保持服务空间分布受地形和人类活动等的显著影响,东南部山地区域较高,而铁峰山与方斗山之间的长江河谷较低,其空间分布特征与土壤侵蚀的分布状况大致相反;(3)坡度角度,15°~25°坡度区产沙量最大占全区的41.56%,8°~15°区域次之,这两个坡度区人地矛盾最为集中;土地利用类型中,旱地侵蚀最为强烈,而林地侵蚀微弱并表现出很高的土壤保持服务功能。研究结果对万州乃至整个三峡库区的水土保持工作有借鉴意义。     

SWOT分析方法在生态环境保护规划中的应用研究

编制生态环境保护规划是我国省、市、县三级政府环境保护部门的一项经常性环境管理工作。本文针对目前规划编制中存在现状定性描述较多、规划框架不确定、对策措施关联性较差等情况,提出将SWOT分析作为一种规范化的编制方法的建议,并以全国首批生态文明先行示范区之一的上海市闵行区为例进行了探讨。以该区"十三五"生态文明建设和环境保护规划为例,采用SWOT分析方法,综合分析了闵行区生态环境保护与发展的优势(S)、劣势(W)、机遇(O)和挑战(T)4项要素,通过SWOT要素交叉分析,给出适合的规划措施建议。结果表明,SWOT分析具有较强的科学性和可行性,可以作为一种规范化的生态环境保护规划编制方法。     

边缘化地区特征、形成机制与影响--以安徽省池州市为例

边缘化地区是指在区域发展中,与核心地区的差距正在逐步拉大的地区。以安徽省池州市为例,分析其空间边缘化的主要表现,即区域社会经济发展缓慢、处于长江经济带的发展低谷,主要经济指标在全省的比重持续下降,居民生活水平和地方管理水平等方面均明显滞后于时代的发展,交通区位边缘性日益增强等。并对区域空间边缘化形成的主要机制进行探讨,认为空间过程缓慢是边缘化形成的历史基础,城镇体系发育不良是边缘化形成的空间因素,行政区划频繁变动是边缘化形成的人为因素,产业结构低级无序化是边缘化形成的经济原因等。区域空间边缘化对区域社会经济发展的负面影响主要表现为：空间边缘化与区域社会经济发展之间的恶性循环,空间结构不稳定性增强和无序化发展。