Media messages and the needs of infants and young children after Cyclone Nargis and the WenChuan Earthquake

Infants and young children are vulnerable in emergencies. The media plays an important role in aid delivery and has a positive impact when reports are accurate. However, the media has been implicated in encouraging harmful aid in the form of donations of infant formula and other milk products. Internet‐based media reports were collected after Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and the WenChuan Earthquake in China (2008) and examined for content related to infant and young child feeding. Common messages identified included that: babies are vulnerable; stress prevents breastfeeding; and providing infant formula saves lives. Messages rarely reported included that: artificial feeding is dangerous; and breastfeeding protects infants. This analysis suggests that current patterns of media reporting may encourage harmful aid and increase child morbidity and mortality. Aid organisations should encourage the media to report accurately on the needs of infant and young children in emergencies so as to improve aid delivery.     

Upgrade of three municipal wastewater treatment lagoons using a high surface area media

Lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are facing difficulties meeting the needs of rapid population growth as well as the more stringent requirements of discharge permits. Three municipal WWTPs were modified using a high surface area media with upgraded fine-bubble aeration systems. Performance data collected showed very promising results in terms of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia (NH₃) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. Two-year average ammonia effluents were 4.1 mg·L^-1 for Columbia WWTP, 4 mg·L^-1 for Larchmont WWTP and 2.1 mg·L^-1 for Laurelville WWTP, respectively. Two- year average BOD₅ effluents were 6.8, 4.9 and 2.7 mg·L^-1, and TSS effluents were 15.0, 9.6 and 7.5 mg·L^-1. The systems also showed low fecal coliform (FC) levels in their effluents.     

中洛线热媒炉更换为直接加热炉的综合分析

介绍了中洛线热媒炉在使用过程中出现的问题,指出热媒炉附属设备多、系统复杂、工作不可靠、故障率高、维修困难、维修费用高,严重影响安全生产,是目前难以解决的问题,也是中洛线热媒炉全部更换为直接加热炉的原因.     

饱和-非饱和介质热-水-应力耦合二维有限元分析

从建立应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和弹塑性矩阵开始,使用Galerkin方法,将各控制方程分别在空间域和时间域进行离散,初步开发出了一个用于分析饱和-非饱和介质热-水-应力耦合弹塑性问题的二维有限元程序.通过对一个假定的核废料地下处置的热-水-应力耦合问题进行数值计算,在定性上验证了本程序的正确性.     

高效纤维滤料过滤纳米颗粒物时的反弹效应

经典过滤理论未考虑纳米颗粒物在纤维表面反弹并降低过滤效率的可能性. 选择不同等级的HEPA(高效空气过滤)玻璃纤维滤料,使用SMPS(扫描电迁移率粒度分析仪)测量粒径在10~500 nm内3种颗粒物——直角立方体MgO、圆角立方体NaCl和球形PSL(聚苯乙烯)固体颗粒的过滤效率,通过比较不同滤料状态下过滤效率的差别分析反弹效应的影响. 结果表明:①硅油熏蒸法制备的湿态滤料可以模拟过滤的理想状态. ②过滤时颗粒物反弹效应大小与其自然运动规律有关,NaCl颗粒的反弹率约为MgO颗粒的66.7%,PSL颗粒的反弹率比非球形颗粒小一个数量级左右. ③颗粒物反弹率也受到滤速的影响,在1.0~5.3 cm/s滤速范围内,反弹率与滤速成正比;滤速在5.3 cm/s时颗粒物的最大反弹率在0.363%~2.667%之间,不同颗粒物的最大反弹率不同,但最大反弹粒径相差不大. ④可以将干态滤料在5.3 cm/s滤速下对MgO颗粒的过滤作为HEPA滤料反弹效应试验的计算基准,根据形状参数(S)和过滤介质透过率的动力学模型对其他滤速和形状的颗粒物反弹率进行修定. ⑤反弹效应对透过率的影响较大,在MPPS(最易透过粒径)附近,非球形颗粒反弹效应对实际透过率的贡献可达30%~40%. 研究表明,HEPA过滤需要考虑颗粒物反弹效应对过滤效率的影响.      

紫外/亚硫酸盐高级还原工艺加速降解水中难降解含碘造影剂

紫外/亚硫酸盐（UV/SO₃^2-）是一种基于紫外活化SO₃^2-离子依靠生成还原性自由基——水合电子降解目标污染物的高级还原工艺.本文研究了UV/SO₃^2-加速降解含碘造影剂泛影酸钠（DTZ）的效能、机制与影响因素以及UV/SO₃^2-降解DTZ的路径.结果表明,UV/SO₃^2-降解DTZ符合一级动力学模型,降解速率快于单独UV和紫外/过氧化氢工艺,且降解速率随SO₃^2-浓度的增加而升高.弱碱性或碱性水质可强化UV/SO₃^2-降解效率,背景有机物对降解DTZ有一定抑制作用.DTZ降解机制包括直接光解和还原性自由基攻击,其中自由基攻击占主要部分.DTZ在UV/SO₃^2-的降解路径包括取代、脱羧基羟基化和酰胺键断裂等.     

Focus and social contagion of environmental organization advocacy on Twitter

Agriculture, overexploitation, and urbanization remain the major threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The attention these threats garner among leading environmental nongovernmental organizations (eNGOs) and the wider public is critical in fostering the political will necessary to reverse biodiversity declines worldwide. I analyzed the advocacy of leading eNGOs on Twitter by scraping account timelines, screening content for advocacy relating to biodiversity threats and, for prevalent threats, further screening content for positive and negative emotional language with a sentiment lexicon. Twitter advocacy was dominated by the major threats of climate change and overexploitation and the minor threat of plastic pollution. The major threats of agriculture, urbanization, invasions, and pollution were rarely addressed. Content relating to overexploitation and plastic pollution was more socially contagious than other content. Increasing emotional negativity further increased social contagion, whereas increasing emotional positivity did not. Scientists, policy makers, and eNGOs should consider how narrowly focused advocacy on platforms like Twitter will contribute to effective global biodiversity conservation.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.     

泡沫强化多孔介质中纳米零价铁迁移试验

通过批量模拟试验考察了纳米零价铁(NZVI)在水、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液与SDS泡沫3种流体中的沉降性能,以及3种流体输送作用下NZVI在多孔介质中的迁移分布特性.结果表明:NZVI在SDS溶液中的稳定性远大于其在水中的稳定性;搅拌速度为3000r/ min时,NZVI在泡沫中的分布较均匀且泡沫对NZVI携带量较大;NZVI对泡沫稳定性影响不大.水、SDS溶液、SDS泡沫分别作为输送流体时,NZVI迁移的最大距离分别为0.8m,7.9m和2.1m,SDS溶液和泡沫均显著促进了其在多孔介质中的运移.当NZVI由SDS溶液和泡沫输送时,其在介质中的分布范围(33.5%和42.5%)大于水(12.8%);由于重力作用,SDS溶液携带NZVI的迁移主要集中在垂向上,水平迁移能力有限;而泡沫受重力影响较小,其携带的NZVI在水平和垂直方向上的分布更为均匀.可见泡沫作为NZVI的输送流体具有明显优势.     

A/O交替运行钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池处理模拟生活污水脱氮除磷特性

利用两级钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池(SSMBF)构建厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行工艺系统.在单池HRT=2h,A/O交替周期48h,厌氧DO=0.2~0.5mg/L,好氧DO=3~5mg/L,T=23~27℃的运行条件下,考察了SSMBF系统对模拟生活污水(pH=6.8~7.5,COD=260~330mg/L,NH4+-N=35~40mg/L,PO43--P=9~11mg/L)的处理效果,分析了其氨氮和磷去除特性.结果表明,两级A/O交替SSMBF系统具有良好的生活污水处理能力,对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别为95%、40%~60%和83.3%,出水氨氮、磷和COD浓度分别为0.5mg/L?3~6mg/L和50mg/L.在厌氧/好氧交替周期为48h的工况下,SSMBF系统的氨氧化菌和聚磷菌分别可在10h和8h恢复最佳活性.SEM?EDS表征和污染物去除特性分析结果显示,A/O交替运行SSMBF系统充分发挥了钢渣基复合滤料的离子和碱度释放特性,通过聚磷菌的厌氧释磷效应,在厌氧SSMBF中诱导促进了生物-结晶协同除磷,结晶产物为以羟基磷灰石为主的磷酸盐化合物.