Evaluation of the e ectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for di erent media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite, nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater. The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2 day), 0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2 day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2 day)) and removal e ciencies (65%–93%, 57%–85% and 78% for COD, NH4-N and TSS, respectively), higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel. The applied loads of COD, ammonia, nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coe cients for Filtralite. Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater, nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2 day). There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

Effects of combined porous media on quenching and re-ignition characteristics of methane/air premixed combustion in a duct

During the study of foam metal suppression of methane combustion in ducts, it was found that under certain conditions, after the flame is extinguished, a re-ignition phenomenon occurs in the area upstream of the foam metal. In this paper, the process and mechanism for the occurrence of this phenomenon were investigated. The porous media used in the experiments is a two-layer structure consisting of a combination of iron-nickel foam and copper foam and was mounted in a transversal position. Each layer of foam metal has a thickness of 5 mm and a pore size of 20 or 40 holes pores per inch (ppi). The results show that flame extinguishment and re-ignition are highly dependent on the material and pore density of the porous media used. After the flame was quenched by the combination of iron-nickel foam with the same pore density of 40ppi, the re-ignition intensity was higher (a dazzling white light could be observed) and the flame area was larger. However, when a combination of iron-nickel foam with different pore densities was used, the re-ignition intensity, flame oscillation frequency and amplitude were significantly lower. However, both re-ignition flames can last for a long time. In addition, the incorporation of copper foam with high thermal conductivity resulted in the decay of flame propagation speed and the overpressure before and after quenching increased significantly with the increase of pore density of the first layer of iron-nickel foam.     

X射线微断层扫描技术(XDMT)在多孔介质中含砷聚集物的三维成像应用

利用X射线微断层差异扫描技术,扫描富砷河床沉积物及人工含砷样品,对多孔介质中的含砷聚集物进行成像分析.利用Avizo 6和Blob3D等工具对获取的数据进行处理,从而实现了含砷聚集物的三维可视化成像.结果显示,大量的含砷聚集物沉积在多孔介质颗粒表面,且不同尺寸的聚集物呈现出明显的形态多样化特征.小颗粒聚集物趋向于球形,大颗粒聚集物则趋向于扁平状.研究表明,该技术可在不破坏样品的前提下,直接观测多孔介质因沉积作用导致其内部结构的变化.     

不同培养介质中纳米氧化铜对小麦毒性的影响

采用琼脂培养和水培方法比较了纳米氧化铜(CuONPs)在不同暴露介质中的环境化学行为及其对小麦根生长的影响,并探讨了不同培养介质对CuONPs植物毒性的影响机制.结果表明,琼脂介质相对水相(营养液)环境可以减少CuONPs的团聚,增强其分散性.在琼脂和水相中Cu离子溶出随CuONPs浓度变化规律存在明显差异,在50～1000mg CuONPs·L-(1以Cu计)范围内,CuONPs在琼脂中无论是Cu2+的溶出浓度还是溶出比率均低于其在水相中的值.CuONPs在不同介质中表现出显著的小麦毒性差异.琼脂培养下小麦根生长半抑制效应浓度EC50(以CuONPs浓度表示)为108mg·L-1,而在水培方式下为9.0mg·L-1,说明琼脂介质极大缓解了CuONPs引起的植物毒性.分析表明,Cu2+溶出浓度较CuONPs投放量与小麦根生长抑制效应之间存在更好的指数相关关系,这说明该研究体系下CuONPs小麦毒性主要是由纳米颗粒释放Cu2+引起的.此结论较好地解释了当培养介质从水相变成琼脂时,Cu2+溶出减少,纳米毒性降低的现象.该研究结果认为,当前国内外使用水培法获得的纳米材料植物毒性研究结果在外推至实际土壤状况时将高估其环境安全性风险,推荐使用琼脂作为纳米材料土壤环境风险评价的模拟介质.     

Mental health and media links based on five essential elements to promote psychosocial support for victims: the case of the earthquake in Chile in 2010

This paper reviews the role of news with respect to the mental health of a population exposed to a disaster. It is based on the five essential elements of psychosocial care presented by Stevan E. Hobfoll et al. (2007) that can be introduced after a potentially traumatic event: promoting a sense of safety, calming, self and collective efficacy, connectedness, and hope. This study developed a method to relate these elements to television coverage and applied it to the stories (n=1,169) aired by the main networks in Chile in the 72 hours after an 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck on 27 February 2010. Of the five elements, promoting a sense of safety occurred most often (82.72 per cent), whereas the others were barely present (less than 10 per cent). The study argues that these elements can increase the possibility of framing the news, given that the audience watching can also be affected by a disaster.     

不同裂隙对煤层热流耦合现象的影响

煤炭在构造应力的作用下会产生不同形状的裂隙,不同的裂隙会对煤层内的流动与传热产生影响。以阜新市高德煤矿为例,建立二维物理模型,采用两区域方法构造控制方程组,运用计算机软件对四种裂隙下煤层的流场和温度场进行数值计算。计算结果表明:不同裂隙对煤层流场的影响主要在空气流动侧,对煤层区域影响很小;不同裂隙对煤层温度场的影响主要在裂隙界面上,对外界空气和煤层内部的影响均很小;不同裂隙条件下煤层壁面平均努谢尔特数曲线的契合度随着瑞利数的增加而不断降低,相比标准界面,其他三种界面的煤层壁面平均努谢尔特数值基本一致。研究结果可为煤矿的安全开采提供理论性指导。     

采用实验和密度泛函理论计算揭示吸光性环境介质对多环芳烃光降解的影响机制

多环芳烃(PAHs)在环境中的光降解动力学受环境介质吸光组分的影响.为揭示介质吸光组分对PAHs光降解影响的内在机制,以吸光很弱的甲醇和吸光较强的丙酮和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为模拟环境介质,考察不同吸光性溶剂介质对3种PAHs(菲、芘和苯并[a]芘)光解的影响;并采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,分析了溶剂分子光敏化能量/电子转移反应对PAHs光解的影响机制.结果表明,激发态的丙酮分子抑制了菲和芘的光解,而加快了苯并[a]芘的光解;激发态的DMSO分子抑制了菲的光解,促进了芘和苯并[a]芘的光解.过滤掉DMSO所吸收的部分光谱频段后,PAHs在DMSO中的光解速率与甲醇中的接近.DFT计算表明,激发态的丙酮或DMSO主要作为电子受体与PAHs发生光敏化电子转移反应,是影响PAHs光解的内在原因.     

Media and bushfires: A community perspective of the media during the Grampians Fires 2006

This paper examines the ways residents in the Grampians area in the Australian state of Victoria used their local and their state and national based media before, during and after the 2006 bushfires (wildfires). The researchers were particularly concerned to understand how residents evaluated media sources as trustworthy and credible in relation to bushfire warnings and information about the fires delivered in the media.

Analysis of data derived from two separate focus group sessions conducted by the researchers reveals four main themes. (1) The media are perceived as part of a broader information gathering process. (2) Local knowledge is the most important aspect in broadcast information. (3) Members of small communities can feel disenfranchised and resentful of the media when media coverage focuses on larger towns, and (4) the effects of media reporting, including specific warnings, are both immediate and long lasting.

The paper explores some of the tensions that result from the ways rural residents use and distinguish between local/regional and metropolitan and out-of-state bushfire information; and it encourages better use of the local/regional media to increase community safety and awareness in relation to bushfire mitigation, preparedness and crisis management issues before, during and after the fires. It is suggested that risk communications professionals need to understand that when mediated risk-related communications are provided, a key evaluative criterion is whether or not those media and the messages represent and reflect local knowledge.     

Characterizing the trophy hunting debate on Twitter

Social media is an arena of debate for contentious political and social topics. One conservation topic debated online is the acceptability of trophy hunting, a debate that has implications for national and international policy. We used a mixed-methods approach (grounded theory and quantitative clustering) to identify themes in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. We examined commonly co-occurring categories that describe people's stances on trophy hunting. We identified 12 categories and 4 preliminary archetypes opposing trophy hunting—activism, scientific, condemning, and objecting—whose opposition derived from different moral reasoning. Few tweets (22) in our sample of 500 supported trophy hunting, whereas 350 opposed it. The debate was hostile; 7% of tweets in our sample were categorized as abusive. Online debates can be unproductive, and our findings may be important for stakeholders wishing to effectively engage in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. More generally, we contend that because social media is increasingly influential, it is important to formally contextualize public responses to contentious conservation topics in order to aid communication of conservation evidence and to integrate diverse public perspectives in conservation practice.     

环境介质中有机磷农药残留分析方法

介绍了环境介质中有机磷农药残留的前处理技术和测定方法,并讨论了几种检测器的特性及其在有机磷农药测定中的适用条件。