宝钢电厂3号火电机组电除尘系统改造

结合工程实例,从除尘器入口烟气降温、除尘器设备本体、引风机三个方面提出了大型钢铁企业火电机组电除尘系统的改造思路,根据对改造后近两年多运行情况的调研,以实际效果验证了改造的成功,为大型钢铁企业类似自备火电机组的电除尘系统改造提供了借鉴。     

微生物燃料电池表观内阻的构成和测量

将微生物燃料电池内部各种阻力用表观内阻统一表征,在建立其等效电路的基础上将表观内阻分为欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻2部分.通过稳态放电法测量微生物燃料电池表观内阻,在改变外电阻后稳定时间需要60 s以上方能保证测定准确性,通过稳态放电法测定一室型微生物燃料电池的表观内阻为289 Ω,当外电阻等于表观内阻时微生物燃料电池对外输出功率达到最大,为241 mW/m²;通过电流中断法测量一室型微生物燃料电池的欧姆内阻为99 Ω,测定结果与断电前电流强度无关;当一室型微生物燃料电池对外供电分别处于活化极化区、欧姆极化区和浓差极化区时,非欧姆电阻占总内阻的比例分别为93％、66％和75％,在电池对外供电达到最大时非欧姆占总内阻比例最低.提高微生物燃料电池产电能力需要同时降低电池的欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻.     

DASB反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

DASB反应器作为新型现代厌氧反应器,具有结构简单、运行方便,处理效果好等优点,在处理生活污水方面有着广泛的应用前景。研究了常温条件下,DASB处理生活污水的启动运行,得出在最佳水力停留时间6h时,COD和SS的平均去除率分别达到81．48％和86．07％。     

饱和多孔介质中胶体运移模拟方法研究进展

阐述了国内外针对胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移模拟方法的研究进展：胶体在多孔介质中由于对流和弥散作用发生运移,而由于表面沉积和筛滤作用滞留在多孔介质中,通常采用含有滞留项的对流弥散方程对胶体的运移行为进行宏观描述,并通过拟合得到胶体运移和滞留的宏观参数,但是对流弥散方程是对试验曲线的宏观描述,无法解释其背后的微观机理;胶体的运移和滞留作用由胶体的微观受力决定,包括胶体在水中的布朗运动和有效重力,胶体-胶体/胶体-固相表面之间的相互作用以及流场作用在胶体上的力3个部分;为了实现从微观受力到宏观参数的升尺度计算,研究者们提出了胶体过滤理论及其后续的修正方法对沉积速率等宏观参数进行预测,然而现有方法通常基于简化的流场,忽略了多孔介质复杂孔隙结构和表面特性的影响;孔隙结构模型是多孔介质孔隙结构的简化模型,基于该模型能够从胶体在多孔介质中的微观力学分析出发,预测胶体的宏观运移行为,然而已有研究中尚未全面的考虑胶体在多孔介质中运移和滞留的多种作用.本文总结了该领域待解决的问题,包括建立考虑微观机理的对流弥散方程,发展考虑多孔介质孔隙结构的胶体过滤理论以及完善基于孔隙结构模型的胶体运移模拟方法.     

Identifying conservation priorities for threatened Eastern Himalayan mammals

To augment mammal conservation in the Eastern Himalayan region, we assessed the resident 255 terrestrial mammal species and identified the 50 most threatened species based on conservation status, endemism, range size, and evolutionary distinctiveness. By using the spatial analysis package letsR and the complementarity core‐area method in the conservation planning software Zonation, we assessed the current efficacy of their protection and identified priority conservation areas by comparing protected areas (PAs), land cover, and global ecoregion 2017 maps at a 100 × 100 m spatial scale. The 50 species that were most threatened, geographically restricted, and evolutionarily distinct faced a greater extinction risk than globally nonthreatened and wide‐ranging species and species with several close relatives. Small, medium‐sized, and data‐deficient species faced extinction from inadequate protection in PAs relative to wide‐ranging charismatic species. There was a mismatch between current PA distribution and priority areas for conservation of the 50 most endangered species. To protect these species, the skewed regional PA distribution would require expansion. Where possible, new PAs and transboundary reserves in the 35 priority areas we identified should be established. There are adequate remaining natural areas in which to expand current Eastern Himalayan PAs. Consolidation and expansion of PAs in the EH requires strengthening national and regional transboundary collaboration, formulating comprehensive regional land‐use plans, diversifying conservation funding, and enhancing information sharing through a consolidated regional database.     

Transport of antibiotic resistance plasmids in porous media and the influence of surfactants

Transport of engineered antibiotic resistance plasmids in porous media has been reported to potentially cause significant spreading of antibiotic resistance in the environment. In this work, transport of an indigenous resistance plasmid pK5 in porous media was investigated through packed column experiments. At identical ionic strengths in CaCl₂ solutions, the breakthroughs of pK5 from soil columns were very close to those from quartz sand columns, indicating that transport of pK5 in quartz sand and soil was similar. A similarity in transport behavior was also found between pK5 and an engineered plasmid pBR322 that has approximately the same number of base pairs as pK5. The influence of surfactants, a major group of constituents in soil solutions, was examined using an engineered plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)/myc-His A. The impact of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was negligible at concentrations up to 200 mg·L^–1. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, was found to significantly enhance plasmid adsorption at high concentrations. However, at environmentally relevant concentrations (<1 mg·L^–1), the effect of this surfactant was also minimal. The negligible impact of surfactants and the similarity between the transport of engineered and indigenous plasmids indicate that under environmentally relevant conditions, indigenous plasmids in soil also have the potential to transport over long distances and lead to the spreading of antibiotic resistance.

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Australian and U.S. News Media Portrayal of Sharks and Their Conservation

Investigation of the social framing of human–shark interactions may provide useful strategies for integrating social, biological, and ecological knowledge into national and international policy discussions about shark conservation. One way to investigate social opinion and forces related to sharks and their conservation is through the media's coverage of sharks. We conducted a content analysis of 300 shark‐related articles published in 20 major Australian and U.S. newspapers from 2000 to 2010. Shark attacks were the emphasis of over half the articles analyzed, and shark conservation was the primary topic of 11% of articles. Significantly more Australian articles than U.S. articles treated shark attacks (χ² = 3.862; Australian 58% vs. U.S. 47%) and shark conservation issues (χ² = 6.856; Australian 15% vs. U.S. 11%) as the primary article topic and used politicians as the primary risk messenger (i.e., primary person or authority sourced in the article) (χ² = 7.493; Australian 8% vs. U.S. 1%). However, significantly more U.S. articles than Australian articles discussed sharks as entertainment (e.g., subjects in movies, books, and television; χ² = 15.130; U.S. 6% vs. Australian 1%) and used scientists as the primary risk messenger (χ² = 5.333; U.S. 25% vs. Australian 15%). Despite evidence that many shark species are at risk of extinction, we found that most media coverage emphasized the risks sharks pose to people. To the extent that media reflects social opinion, our results highlight problems for shark conservation. We suggest that conservation professionals purposefully and frequently engage with the media to highlight the rarity of shark attacks, discuss preventative measures water users can take to reduce their vulnerability to shark encounters, and discuss conservation issues related to local and threatened species of sharks. When integrated with biological and ecological data, social‐science data may help generate a more comprehensive perspective and inform conservation practice. Descripción de Tiburones y su Conservación por Medios Informativos Australianos y Norteamericanos     

The impact of retail beverage service training and social host laws on adolescents' DUI rates in San Diego County,California

Introduction: Driving under the influence (DUI) citations are still a serious concern among drivers aged 16–20 years and have been shown to be related to increased risk of fatal and nonfatal crashes. A battery of laws and policies has been enacted to address this concern. Though numerous studies have evaluated these policies, there is still a need for comprehensive policy evaluations that take into account a variety of contextual factors. Previous effort by this research team examined the impact of 20 minimum legal drinking age–21 laws in the state of California, as they impacted alcohol-related crash rates among drivers under 21 years of age while at the same time accounting for alcohol and gas taxes, unemployment rates, sex distribution among drivers, and sobriety checkpoints. The current research seeks to expand this evaluation to the county level (San Diego County). More specifically, we evaluate the impact of measures subject to county control such as retail beverage service (RBS) laws and social host (SH) laws, as well as media coverage, city employment, alcohol outlet density, number of sworn officers, alcohol consumption, and taxation policies, to determine the most effective point of intervention for communities seeking to reduce underage DUI citations.

Methods: Annual DUI citation data (2000 to 2013), RBS and SH policies, and city-wide demographic, economic, and environmental information were collected and applied to each of the 20 cities in San Diego County, California. A structural equation model was fit to estimate the relative contribution of the variables of interest to DUI citation rates.

Results: Alcohol consumption and alcohol outlet density both demonstrated a significant increase in DUI rates, whereas RBS laws, SH laws, alcohol tax rates, media clusters, gas tax rates, and unemployment rates demonstrated significant decreases in DUI rates.

Conclusions: At the county level, although RBS laws, SH laws, and media efforts were found to contribute to a significant reduction in DUI rates, the largest significant contributors to reducing DUI rates were alcohol and gas taxation rates. Policy makers interested in reducing DUI rates among teenagers should examine these variables within their specific communities and consider conducting community-specific research to determine the best way to do so. Future efforts should be made to develop models that represent specific communities who are interested in reducing DUI rates among drivers aged 16–20 years.     

环境新闻是提升公众环境意识的重要途径

环境新闻因与人的切身利益关系密切而备受关注,其传播提高了公众的环境意识。文中探讨了环境新闻的目的和特点,阐述了在当前环境形势下,公众期待新闻媒体在环境保护中扮演怎样的角色,以及如何提高环境新闻报道营造社会良好舆论的几种途径。