Identifying conservation priorities for threatened Eastern Himalayan mammals

To augment mammal conservation in the Eastern Himalayan region, we assessed the resident 255 terrestrial mammal species and identified the 50 most threatened species based on conservation status, endemism, range size, and evolutionary distinctiveness. By using the spatial analysis package letsR and the complementarity core‐area method in the conservation planning software Zonation, we assessed the current efficacy of their protection and identified priority conservation areas by comparing protected areas (PAs), land cover, and global ecoregion 2017 maps at a 100 × 100 m spatial scale. The 50 species that were most threatened, geographically restricted, and evolutionarily distinct faced a greater extinction risk than globally nonthreatened and wide‐ranging species and species with several close relatives. Small, medium‐sized, and data‐deficient species faced extinction from inadequate protection in PAs relative to wide‐ranging charismatic species. There was a mismatch between current PA distribution and priority areas for conservation of the 50 most endangered species. To protect these species, the skewed regional PA distribution would require expansion. Where possible, new PAs and transboundary reserves in the 35 priority areas we identified should be established. There are adequate remaining natural areas in which to expand current Eastern Himalayan PAs. Consolidation and expansion of PAs in the EH requires strengthening national and regional transboundary collaboration, formulating comprehensive regional land‐use plans, diversifying conservation funding, and enhancing information sharing through a consolidated regional database.     

Transport of antibiotic resistance plasmids in porous media and the influence of surfactants

Transport of engineered antibiotic resistance plasmids in porous media has been reported to potentially cause significant spreading of antibiotic resistance in the environment. In this work, transport of an indigenous resistance plasmid pK5 in porous media was investigated through packed column experiments. At identical ionic strengths in CaCl₂ solutions, the breakthroughs of pK5 from soil columns were very close to those from quartz sand columns, indicating that transport of pK5 in quartz sand and soil was similar. A similarity in transport behavior was also found between pK5 and an engineered plasmid pBR322 that has approximately the same number of base pairs as pK5. The influence of surfactants, a major group of constituents in soil solutions, was examined using an engineered plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)/myc-His A. The impact of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was negligible at concentrations up to 200 mg·L^–1. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, was found to significantly enhance plasmid adsorption at high concentrations. However, at environmentally relevant concentrations (<1 mg·L^–1), the effect of this surfactant was also minimal. The negligible impact of surfactants and the similarity between the transport of engineered and indigenous plasmids indicate that under environmentally relevant conditions, indigenous plasmids in soil also have the potential to transport over long distances and lead to the spreading of antibiotic resistance.

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不同载体携带纳米零价铁在多孔介质中的迁移特性

批次试验和模拟柱试验探讨了NZVI在3种载体(水、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液和SDS泡沫)中的稳定性以及在3种载体携带作用下NZVI在多孔介质(0.25~0.5mm, 0.5~0.9mm, 0.9~1.4mm)中的迁移特性.由实验可知,对于NZVI悬浊液,在0.9~1.4mm,0.5~0.9mm和0.25~0.5mm介质中,NZVI从模拟柱中的溢出率分别为20.9%,17.4%和6.5%,NZVI在介质中分布的均匀性关系为0.9~1.4mm>0.5~0.9mm>0.25~0.5mm;对于SDS-NZVI悬浊液,NZVI在0.9~1.4mm 和0.5~0.9mm介质中的迁移性较0.25~0.5mm介质远远增强,NZVI在介质中分布均匀性关系为0.5~0.9mm>0.9~1.4mm>0.25~0.5mm;对于NZVI负载泡沫,NZVI在0.5~0.9mm与0.25~0.5mm介质中的迁移性较NZVI悬浊液和SDS-NZVI悬浊液增强,NZVI在0.5~0.9mm介质中分布均匀性较好,0.25~0.5mm其次,0.9~1.4mm均匀性最差.研究结果表明,SDS溶液和SDS泡沫与水相比较均有效促进了NZVI在3种介质中的运移,然而对于0.9~1.4mm介质,SDS溶液对NZVI迁移的促进作用较SDS泡沫更明显,对于0.25~0.5mm介质,SDS泡沫对NZVI迁移的促进作用较SDS溶液更大.     

降流式厌氧悬浮填料床特性分析与试验研究

从现代厌氧反应器的发展理念角度分析了一种新型厌氧反应器-降流式厌氧悬浮填料床（DASB）的工艺特性，并进行了在环境温度下用DASB对生活污水的试验研究，结果表明，当HRT=3h时，COD、SS平均去除率分别为47．7％、64％。     

高频电晕放电等离子体法处理甲醛的研究

采用高频电晕等离子体法进行去除甲醛气体的试验研究.主要考察了甲醛气体处理效果与电源频率和停留时间的关系,并进行了无填料、填加亚硝酸钠填料和钛酸钡填料对甲醛气体处理效果的对比试验.结果表明,高频电晕放电等离子体法可有效地实现对甲醛气体的去除.电源频率越高,停留时间越长,甲醛的去除效果越好;在相同条件下有填料填加对甲醛气体的去除效果优于无填料填加的去除效果;钛酸钡填料优于亚硝酸钠填料的去除效果;在电源频率为55 kHz、流量0.3 m3·h-1、进口浓度12 mg·m-3钛酸钡填料存在的条件下对甲醛的去除效率接近100%.     

曝气生物滤池污水处理工艺与设计

论述了曝气生物滤池污水处理原理、构造及其滤料作用机理,提供了一种利用粉煤灰和粘土生产生物滤料的配方和生产工艺流程,并对当前曝气生物滤池滤料研究进行了归纳,介绍了几种曝气生物滤池工艺基本类型及其组合流程。曝气生物滤池污水处理工艺设计与计算主要包括滤料体积、滤池总面积、滤池高度、布水布气系统、反冲洗系统以及污水与滤料的接触时间等。作为实例,对水量为2500m3d小区污水曝气生物滤池(DC、DN)进行了工艺设计。     

腐殖填料生物滤池氨氮降解特征

根据腐殖填料生物滤池及石英砂普通生物滤池的氨氮去除效率、表面水力负荷及微生物量差异,比较两者氨氮降解速率及比降解速率,对腐殖填料生物滤池的氨氮降解特征进行分析。结果表明,在相同运行方式及外界环境下,腐殖填料滤池表面水力负荷数倍于石英砂普通生物滤池;腐殖填料生物滤池单位体积平均氨氮降解速率高达31.5 g NH4+-N/(m3.d),是石英砂普通生物滤池的5.4倍;腐殖填料生物滤池氨氮比降解速率为4.1×10-2μg NH4+-N/(g微生物碳.d),约为石英砂普通生物滤池的4倍。腐殖填料生物滤池能负载较高的生物量,抗堵塞性能较强,系统内特异微生物对氨氮降解能力较高,是一种优良的降解氨氮的生物滤池。     

A/O-生物膜系统处理煤化工废水

通过在传统A/O工艺好氧池投加聚氨酯填料组成A/O-生物膜复合工艺,建立了一套中试系统,以探讨处理实际煤化工高氨氮工业废水的可行性。结果表明该复合工艺具有很好的抗冲击负荷能力,并且在低温条件下仍能维持很高的去除效果。在温度为10℃以上、进水COD浓度为350～1 100 mg/L、氨氮浓度为80～280 mg/L时,出水COD和氨氮浓度始终维持在60和10 mg/L以下,去除率分别可达到90%和95%以上。低温对系统中悬浮污泥活性的影响比生物膜更大。常温条件下(20℃)生物膜的COD和氨氮降解速率分别为悬浮污泥的1.4和2.5倍,低温条件下(10℃)分别为3.1和3.0倍。     

三高气田钻完井重大事故现场监测数据采集管理系统的设计与实现

把信息化技术用于油气田安全领域,用采集的现场数据评估安全生产环境,实现油气田安全信息化是近年来的新课题。为了有效地监测和预防油三高气田（高含硫、高产量、高压力）井喷事故造成的灾害,讨论了基于网络架构的重大事故现场监测数据采集管理系统软件的研究与设计,包括气象数据,传感器数据,监测设备GPS数据与视频信息的实时采集、处理、分析与显示,并且分段说明了该系统各部分的设计和实现的重点.该系统具有友好的人机界面,并且引入了流媒体技术、无线传感器技术等多种先进技术,能够最大程度地得到全面的表征油气田安全的数据与信息;该系统已经在研究实例龙岗油气田的实验中证明了具有安全生产方面的现实意义。