1980~2010年浙江某典型河流硝态氮通量对净人类活动氮输入的动态响应

以浙江某典型流域为研究对象,基于1980～2010年的水质水量和氮源数据及LOADEST模型,估算了逐年河流NO-3-N通量和净人类活动氮输入(NANI),分析了河流NO-3-N通量和NANI的年际演化特征及其动态响应关系,探讨了每年NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流NO-3-N通量的贡献.结果表明,1980～2010年,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI总体上都呈现出先增后减的抛物线型变化趋势,均在1998年左右分别达到峰值5.74 kg·(hm2·a)-1和77.5 kg·(hm2·a)-1;过去31 a,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI分别净增加了～42%和～77%.化肥氮和大气氮沉降是NANI的主要来源,分别占了NANI的～48%和～40%.河流NO-3-N通量的年际变化不仅与NAIN(R2=0.27**)和化肥氮输入量(R2=0.32**)显著相关,而且与河流年均流量(R2=0.79**)或降雨量(R2=0.63**)具有更强的相关性,意味着河流NO-3-N的来源除了当年的NAIN,还受滞留氮库的影响.所建立的以NANI和流量为自变量的回归模型能很好地模拟河流NO-3-N通量变化(R2=0.94**).该模型预测结果显示,在NANI和流量分别降低30%的情况下,河流年均NO-3-N通量将分别减少～21%和～30%;每年的NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流当年NO-3-N通量的贡献率分别为～53%、～24%、～23%.河流NO-3-N通量长期的年际变化是NANI和水文要素共同作用的结果;但是,由于滞留氮库的影响,与源控制方式相比,增加"汇"景观应该能更加快速地削减河流NO-3-N通量.     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

Effects of the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4 -N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N NH4 -N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31. 09 mg (ASN DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 -N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in potassium leached less, but the difference was not significant except the treatment ASN and ASN DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

填埋场中铁的生物化学循环对反硝化的影响

在模拟填埋体系中,以填埋场稳定的垃圾为接种物,通过控制有机物和硝氮负荷,研究了铁的生物化学循环对反硝化的影响.结果表明,垃圾填埋场内蕴藏着能实现铁的厌氧氧化还原并同步还原硝氮的复合功能菌群.通过改变有机物和硝氮的负荷,可使得填埋场内持续进行着铁的氧化还原循环和同步氮素转化.从氮素转化产物来看,铁的循环体系中氨氮浓度比传统的反硝化体系低4 mmol·L-1.填埋场内铁的生物化学循环过程对于原位脱氮具有极大贡献.     

硝酸银滴定法与硫氰酸汞分光光度法测定水中氯化物（Cl^-）的方法比对

用硝酸银滴定法、硫氰酸汞分光光度法分别测定高浓度的考核已知样及低浓度的考核未知样，均合格。说明两种方法都能满足水和废水中氯化物（Cl^-）测定的需要。     

不同形态氮对洋河水库螺旋鱼腥藻和惠氏微囊藻生长的影响

利用室内培养试验比较研究了硝酸盐氮和氨氮对洋河水库螺旋鱼腥藻和惠氏微囊藻生长的影响. 结果表明:ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)均在0.05～10 mg/L内时,螺旋鱼腥藻的生长曲线无显著性差异,氨氮更有利于螺旋鱼腥藻的生长;在0.05～10 mg/L内,ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)的升高能明显促进惠氏微囊藻的生长,但高浓度的氨氮可能会抑制其生长. 当ρ(硝酸盐氮) 为0.05 mg/L时,螺旋鱼腥藻比生长速率(0.239 d-1)大于惠氏微囊藻(0.166 d-1); ρ(氨氮)为0.05和0.5 mg/L时,螺旋鱼腥藻的比生长速率分别为(0.266±0.012)和(0.303±0.005)d-1,大于惠氏微囊藻的比生长速率(0.096±0.004)和(0.272±0.008)d-1. 提示在ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)较低的培养条件下,螺旋鱼腥藻比生长速率更高,更易成为优势藻种. 洋河水库近2年优势种逐渐从螺旋鱼腥藻转变为惠氏微囊藻,可能是水体中ρ(氮)的变化所致.      

浑河流域地表水和地下水氮污染特征研究

通过分析浑河流域地表水、地下水中主要离子和不同形态氮含量,探讨了水体中水化学组成特点、各形态氮污染水平与分布特征,并采用综合指数法对流域浅层地下水水质进行了评价.结果表明,地表水水型从上游到下游由Ca-HCO3型转变为Ca-SO4型.NO3--N浓度由1.06mg/L增至6.13mg/L,NO2--N和NH4+-N仅在中游和下游地表水中检出,表明地表水在流域中下游地区受到的人为影响强烈;地下水沿流动方向水型由Ca-HCO3型依次演进为Ca-SO4和Ca-Cl型.NO3--N的含量(0.62~23.47mg/L)明显高于其在地表水中的含量.局地土地利用类型(林地、旱地、城镇用地、水田)对附近地表水体NO3--N浓度影响不显著,而旱地与水田地下水中NO3--N浓度存在显著差异,旱地地下水NO3--N浓度最高.浅层地下水质量评价结果显示流域浅层地下水总体质量一般,NO3--N超出背景值1.4倍,中游地区NO2--N和NH4+-N污染严重,达到Ⅳ类水标准.地下水中ORP、DO、Cl-浓度和各形态氮组成特征表明由于反硝化作用,中下游地区地下水中NO3--N浓度逐渐降低,而NO2--N浓度上升到0.041mg/L.     

城市绿化草坪再生水灌溉对地下水水质影响研究

再生水是城市绿化的良好水源,但其潜在的地下水污染问题不容忽视.本研究基于对地下水及其灌溉水水质的长期监测,探讨了绿化草坪地下水主要理化性质和污染物浓度的变化规律及其与灌溉用水水质的关系.连续5 a的监测结果表明,再生水氨氮超出用于城市绿化的城市杂用水水质标准（GB/T 18920-2002）,总氮偏高,二者变化范围分别为0.05～65.4 mg·L-1和2.56～78.0 mg·L-1,平均值分别为12.0 mg·L-1和28.3 mg·L-1.使用自来水灌溉,地下水水质指标正常,波动不大;用再生水灌溉草坪（冬末初春4个月未浇）对地下6 m浅井水质影响明显,对20 m深井水质影响不明显,主要变化表现在硝态氮浓度值升高.浅井地下水硝态氮浓度与灌溉的再生水溶解态氮呈滞后的显著正相关性,表明用再生水灌溉草坪可能会引起地下浅层水硝态氮污染.因此,需要根据城市绿化用水量大的特点,进一步完善再生水回用标准,避免再生水回用造成新的环境污染风险.     

稀土钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性及蚓体内蓄积研究

文章以蚯蚓为指示生物,分别采用滤纸接触法和自然土壤法研究了稀土元素钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。结果表明,滤纸接触法测得钇对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度LC50为0.18 g/L;土壤法所测LC50值为1.08 g/kg。可见,稀土钇对蚯蚓具有毒性作用,但属低毒级,并且自然土壤法中蚯蚓的半数致死浓度要低于滤纸接触法中的结果。应用ICP-AES分别研究了2种实验方法中钇在蚯蚓体内的富集情况,发现硝酸钇浓度及染毒时间、蚯蚓的死亡率及速度和钇在蚯蚓体内的富集三者存在显著的相关性。