热带亚热带土壤氮素反硝化研究进展

热带亚热带独特的土壤性质可能使得反硝化机理有别于温带土壤.文章综述了热带亚热带地区土壤氮素生物反硝化的研究进展,试图更好地了解该地区土壤反硝化在全球氮（N）循环以及在全球环境变化和生态系统响应互作中的角色.热带亚热带土壤反硝化强度普遍较温带地区弱,且随着土地利用方式和耕作管理措施的不同而呈现较大的时空变异性.影响土壤水分状况和土壤碳（C）、N 转化特性和速率的因素即为区域和农田尺度上的反硝化影响因素.湿润型热带亚热带土壤由于含有丰富的氧化物而致使土壤氧化还原势较高,这也是导致该地区土壤反硝化势较温带地区较低的关键土壤因素之-.然而土壤pH 值不是该地区土壤反硝化势较低的主要限制因素.有机C 矿化过程较土壤全氮含量和土壤C/N 比在决定湿润型亚热带土壤反硝化势方面更为重要.愈来愈多的证据表明热带亚热带土壤反硝化的生态环境效应不同于温带地区,热带亚热带地区土壤反硝化对全球变暖的贡献应综合考虑其对其它温室气体（如CH4,CO2）排放和氮沉降的影响.热带亚热带土壤生态系统具有-些防止土壤氮素反硝化损失的机制和保氮策略.然而,热带亚热带生态系统对全球变化的响应机制及其生物地球化学调控机制仍然不清楚,这些研究对于反硝化和其它同时发生的氮转化过程模型的精确构建至关重要.     

龙须菜对锥状斯氏藻抑制作用的机制

摘要：实验室条件下研究了共培养体系中龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）对锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）生长的影响,并对其作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果显示,当龙须菜起始生物量为0.5g?L-1时,在彼此隔离的共培养体系中,锥状斯氏藻的生长受到明显的抑制,与对照组相比,细胞最大密度降低并且对数生长期缩短;但这种抑制作用明显弱于在藻体直接接触的共培养体系中的抑制作用,说明藻体直接接触所产生的克生作用是导致龙须菜对锥状斯氏藻抑制作用的主要原因。当龙须菜起始生物量为0.2g?L-1时,对隔离共培养体系中的锥状斯氏藻胞内营养盐含量的测定结果显示,单独培养组锥状斯氏藻胞内硝酸盐含量是共培养组的1.5倍,说明龙须菜能够通过竞争性吸收环境中的硝酸盐来降低锥状斯氏藻胞内硝酸盐的储存含量,从而有效抑制其生长。     

Effects of nitrite on phosphate uptake in anaerobic-oxic process

An anaerobic-oxic (A/O) biological phosphorus removal reactor was operated to study the effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake. The phosphorus uptake profile was determined under different operating conditions. The results indicated that in addition to oxygen and nitrate (DPB_Na, nitrate denitrifying phosphorus removal), to some extent, nitrite could also serve as an electron acceptor to achieve nitrite denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPB_Ni). The quantity and rate of phosphorus uptake of DPB_Ni, however, were evidently lower than that of DPB_Na. The experiment results revealed that nitrite would bring toxic action to phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) when NO₂ ⁻-N ⩾ 93.7 mg/L. The nitrite existing in the anoxic reactor made no difference to the quantity and rate of denitrifying phosphorus removal, but it could reduce the consumption of nitrate. Moreover, the data showed that the aerobic phosphate uptake of DPB_Ni was lower than that of anaerobic phosphorus-released sludge in a traditional A/O process. However, there was not much difference between these two kinds of sludge in terms of the total phosphorus uptake quantity and the effluent quality. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(4): 701–703 [译自: 环境科学]     

Hydrochemical and multivariate statistical interpretations of spatial controls of nitrate concentrations in a shallow alluvial aquifer around oxbow lakes (Osong area, central Korea)

Hydrochemical and multivariate statistical interpretations of 16 physicochemical parameters of 45 groundwater samples from a riverside alluvial aquifer underneath an agricultural area in Osong, central Korea, were performed in this study to understand the spatial controls of nitrate concentrations in terms of biogeochemical processes occurring near oxbow lakes within a fluvial plain. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater showed a large variability from 0.1 to 190.6 mg/L (mean = 35.0 mg/L) with significantly lower values near oxbow lakes. The evaluation of hydrochemical data indicated that the groundwater chemistry (especially, degree of nitrate contamination) is mainly controlled by two competing processes: 1) agricultural contamination and 2) redox processes. In addition, results of factorial kriging, consisting of two steps (i.e., co-regionalization and factor analysis), reliably showed a spatial control of the concentrations of nitrate and other redox-sensitive species; in particular, significant denitrification was observed restrictedly near oxbow lakes. The results of this study indicate that sub-oxic conditions in an alluvial groundwater system are developed geologically and geochemically in and near oxbow lakes, which can effectively enhance the natural attenuation of nitrate before the groundwater discharges to nearby streams. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis in groundwater study as a supplementary tool for interpretation of complex hydrochemical data sets.     

硝化菌的分离及特性分析

从联合脱硫脱氮填料塔中的陶粒上分离出两株硝化菌,命名为NS2和NS5,这2种菌均为革兰氏阴性菌。硝化能力测试结果表明:NS2和NS5能利用亚硝酸盐作为氮源,将亚硝酸盐转化成硝酸盐,硝化速率都达到60%以上。部分长度的16S rDNA序列同源性分析表明,NS2和NS5与Delftia sp.的同源性高达99%,并用MEGA程序对该菌株进行了系统发育进化分析。结合形态观察和生理生化鉴定,初步鉴定NS2,NS5为戴尔福特菌(Delftia sp.)。     

地下水中两种典型抗生素复合对反硝化作用的影响

选取氟喹诺酮类抗生素中的环丙沙星(CIP)与洛美沙星(LOM)作为典型抗生素代表,选择乙酸钠为碳源,采用批实验方法开展室内模拟试验,探究了CIP与LOM在单独作用和联合作用下对反硝化进程的影响.在此基础上,通过测定反硝化菌数量、活性和反硝化酶活性等指标变化探究其影响机理.实验结果表明,与空白组体系相比,LOM(100μg/L)组、CIP(100μg/L)组和LOM(50μg/L)+CIP(50μg/L)组对NO₃^--N降解和NO₂^--N降解均产生抑制作用,抑制率:LOM+CIP>CIP>LOM,抗生素暴露会不同程度抑制微生物数量活性及反硝化关键酶活性.NO₃^--N降解受反硝化菌活性以及硝酸盐降解酶(NaR)活性的共同影响,NO₂^--N降解则主要受到亚硝酸盐还原酶(NiR)活性的影响.对抗生素联用效果的探究表明,LOM+CIP组在NO₃^--N降解与NO     

Simulation of Daily Flow Pathways,Tile‐Drain Nitrate Concentrations,and Soil‐Nitrogen Dynamics Using SWAT

Tile drainage significantly alters flow and nutrient pathways and reliable simulation at this scale is needed for effective planning of nutrient reduction strategies. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been widely utilized for prediction of flow and nutrient loads, but few applications have evaluated the model's ability to simulate pathway‐specific flow components or nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) concentrations in tile‐drained watersheds at the daily time step. The objectives of this study were to develop and calibrate SWAT models for small, tile‐drained watersheds, evaluate model performance for simulation of flow components and NO₃‐N concentration at daily intervals, and evaluate simulated soil‐nitrogen dynamics. Model evaluation revealed that it is possible to meet accepted performance criteria for simulation of monthly total flow, subsurface flow (SSF), and NO₃‐N loads while obtaining daily surface runoff (SURQ), SSF, and NO₃‐N concentrations that are not satisfactory. This limits model utility for simulating best management practices (BMPs) and compliance with water quality standards. Although SWAT simulates the soil N‐cycle and most predicted fluxes were within ranges reported in agronomic studies, improvements to algorithms for soil‐N processes are needed. Variability in N fluxes is extreme and better parameterization and constraint, through use of more detailed agronomic data, would also improve NO₃‐N simulation in SWAT. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Preparation1 and utilization of wheat straw anionic sorbent for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution

In order to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by agricultural residues (i.e. excess nitrate) in aqueous solution, economic and effective anionic sorbents are required. In this article, we prepared anionic sorbent using wheat straw. Its structural characteristics and adsorption properties for nitrate removal from aqueous solution were investigated. The results indicate that the yield of the prepared anionic sorbent, the total exchange capacity, and the maximum adsorption capacity were 350%, 2.57 mEq/g, and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm mode is more suitable than the Langmuir mode and the adsorption process accords with the first order reaction kinetic rate equation. When multiple anions (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, and NO2-) were present, the isotherm mode of prepared anionic sorbent for nitrate was consistent with Freundlich mode; however, the capacity of nitrate adsorption was reduced by 50%. In alkaline solutions, about 90% of adsorbed nitrate ions could be desorbed from prepared anionic sorbent. The results of this study confirmed that the wheat straw anionic sorbent can be used as an excellent nitrate sorbent that removes nitrate from aqueous solutions.     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）为反硝化固体碳源的脱氮特性研究

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为固体碳源和生物膜载体,研究其脱氮性能以及添加惰性载体砾石对反应性能的影响.结果表明,PBS可作为反硝化固体碳源去除低C/N水体中的硝酸盐氮,但是所需的启动时间较长,为33 d左右.反硝化过程不会造成亚硝酸盐氮积累,但是会产生低于0.8 mg·L-1的氨氮.在PBS为碳源的反硝化体系中添加惰性载体来增加生物膜量,可以提高反硝化速率,PBS、PBS+30 g砾石、PBS+60 g砾石、PBS+90 g砾石4个体系的反硝化速率分别为5.33、7.04、10.05和6.93mg·(L·h)-1,反应均为零级反应.反硝化反应过程中(0~9 h),溶解性有机碳(DOC)先升高后降低,反应结束时(24 h),添加惰性载体砾石60 g和90 g体系的DOC分别为16.34 mg·L-1和19.22 mg·L-1,高于未添加砾石体系的13.48 mg·L-1.4个反硝化体系的pH值均低于初始值,是固体碳源降解过程中产生的酸性物质与反硝化产生的碱度综合作用的结果.     

饮用水中硝酸盐污染及其去除技术

本文主要叙述了饮用水中硝酸盐污染的途径危害及各种去除技术与其最新进展