高速铁路对中国资源型城市区位的影响

资源型城市区位偏远被认为是制约资源型城市转型和可持续发展的重要因素。随着高速铁路的迅速发展,资源型城市的区位条件是否得到改善?以国务院确定的126个地级资源型城市为研究对象,以资源型城市所在省的省会城市和与资源型城市联系紧密的北京、上海、广州三个区域中心城市为参照对象,利用时间距离的计算方法,对高速铁路（D车、G车）对资源型城市区位的影响进行分类型和分地区的评价。研究表明：（1）总体上看,高速铁路恶化了资源型城市的区位。相对于D车,G车的影响更显著;（2）D车和G车对资源型城市区位的影响具有一致性,在一定程度上说明D车和G车在空间布局上具有重叠性;（3）分资源类型看,成熟型资源型城市既是区位改善最明显的城市,也是区位恶化最明显的城市;（4）分地区看,中部地区的资源型城市区位改善最明显,西部地区的资源型城市区位恶化最明显。在此基础上,进一步提出政策启示。     

中国东海区大陆岸线变迁及其开发利用强度分析

基于东海区海岸带1990-2015年6个时期遥感影像,分析其大陆岸线变迁,并评价其岸线利用强度。结果表明：（1）大陆岸线持续向海推进,且岸线长度缩减了495.91 km。岸线变迁强度呈现波动变化状态。岸线结构中大量自然岸线转变为人工岸线,自然岸线比例缩减了14.18%,而人工岸线占比上升了21.94%,岸线的多样性快速增长。（2）岸线平均分形维数呈现波动下降趋势,形态向平直、规则方向发展。海岸带海陆格局表现为陆进海退,陆地面积增加了2655.01 km²,海岸带受滩涂养殖、围填海、港口建设等人类活动影响显著。（3）岸线的开发利用强度加强。岸线人工化指数增加,2015年增长至53.88%。开发利用主体度由单一主体模式发展形成二元主体模式,至2015年,岸线二元主体转变为基岩岸线和建设岸线,主体度分别为30.53%和20.26%。岸线综合利用指数上升了32.42%,人类活动对岸线变化影响力大幅提高。     

春季东、黄海溶解甲烷的分布和海气交换通量

于2011年3月17日～4月6日对东、黄海海域进行了大面调查,采集了45个站位不同深度的海水样品,对溶解甲烷(CH4)浓度进行了测定,并估算了其海-气交换通量.结果表明,东、黄海表层海水中溶解甲烷的浓度变化范围是2.39～29.67nmol.L-1,底层海水中甲烷浓度范围是2.63～30.63 nmol.L-1,底层浓度略高于表层,表明底层水体或沉积物中存在甲烷的源.春季东、黄海海域表、底层溶解甲烷的分布特征基本一致,即从近岸向远海逐渐降低,主要受长江冲淡水输入和黑潮水入侵的影响.春季东、黄海海域表层海水中CH4饱和度为93%～1 038%.利用Liss and Merlivat公式(LM86)、Wanninkhof公式(W92)和现场测定的风速估算出春季东、黄海海域CH4的海-气交换通量分别为(2.85±5.11)μmol.(m2.d)-1和(5.18±9.99)μmol.(m2.d)-1,根据本研究结果和文献数据初步估算出东海和黄海年释放甲烷量分别为7.05×10-2～12.0×10-2Tg.a-1和1.17×10-2～2.20×10-2Tg.a-1.春季东、黄海海域表层海水中CH4均呈过饱和状态,是大气中CH4的净源.     

我国东北地区地表水酸化现状

2011年8月对我国东北地区东部的溪流进行采样调查,以评价地表水的酸化现状.通过对采集的33个水体pH值和酸中和容量(ANC)的分析发现,只有长白山上少数溪流的pH值低于6.0,而所有采样水体的ANC均高于0.2 meq.L-1,说明该地区尚未大面积发生地表水酸化问题.离子浓度分析结果表明,HCO3-是水体中最主要的阴离子,而SO24-浓度往往小于150μeq.L-1,NO3-浓度更是远低于SO24-,这说明该地区酸沉降污染较轻.但是,东北地区广泛分布着风化速率较低的酸性森林土壤,导致一些水体缓冲酸沉降的能力较弱,水体酸化的可能性仍然存在.以此类推,东北亚目前的酸沉降水平尚不足以产生严重的地表水酸化问题,周边国家不应过分夸大我国排放酸性气体的越境输送导致的环境影响.     

当代森林火灾防控对策研究

我国森林防火事业应走科学防火、人文防火相结合的道路。在历史森林火灾资料散落和缺失的背景下,依据解放后森林火灾资料,考查分析表明我国森林火灾的特点是森林火灾严重、森林火灾发生地方比较集中、森林火灾具有一定的季节性并且森林火灾具有5-6年和10年的准周期,防控失误原因是指导思想缺乏科学的方法与人文的关怀、宣传有死角,火源管理不严、执行规章制度不严、防火阻隔带建设不够完善和专业扑火队员少,业务素质差;设备落后。我国森林火灾防控应该转换思路,从过去以牺牲人的生命为代价转换到以人为本的路径上来,通过充分利用符合国情的各项防火对策,有效促进各个林区的林火管理,提高林火控制能力,减少森林火灾,保护森林资源、生态环境和林区人民生命财产安全,实现林区社会稳定和林业可持续发展。     

An exploratory assessment of the attitudes of Chinese wood products manufacturers towards forest certification

Interviews with Chinese forest products manufacturers were conducted to explore their attitudes towards forest certification and related issues. Participants comprised owners, CEOs, and managers in 20 Chinese wood products companies, including producers of furniture, doors, flooring, and various engineered wood products. The interviews were used to analyze the extent to which participants were considering adopting forest certification and what might motivate such a decision. This was done by assessing their awareness and knowledge of certification. The results indicated that participants' understanding of forest certification was extremely low, despite major efforts in China to raise awareness of the issue. Potential economic benefits were the most frequently cited reason to adopt certification, including gaining or maintaining competitive advantage over their industry counterparts, improved access to both domestic and export markets, better customer recognition, and enhanced corporate responsibility practices. Some interviewees (3 out of 20) considered that certification would become a mandatory requirement or industry standard, and that this would be the only viable motivation for certification given that the financial benefits were potentially limited. According to the participants, the main differences between certified and uncertified wood products operations related to improved market access and public image. Interviewees felt that cooperation between and support from governments and the forest industry would enable the enhanced awareness of certification amongst manufacturers and the general public. This, in turn, could serve to stimulate demand for certified products.     

EIA application in China's expressway infrastructure: clarifying the decision-making hierarchy

China's EIA Law came into effect in 2003 and formally requires road transport infrastructure development actions to be subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIAs (including project EIA and plan EIA, or strategic environmental impact assessment, SEA) have been being widely applied in the expressway infrastructure planning field. Among those applications, SEA is applied to provincial level expressway network (PLEI) plans, and project EIA is applied to expressway infrastructure development 'projects' under PLEI plans. Three case studies (one expressway project EIA and two PLEI plan SEAs) were examined to understand currently how EIAs are applied to expressway infrastructure development planning. Through the studies, a number of problems that significantly influence the quality of EIA application in the field were identified. The reasons causing those problems are analyzed and possible solutions are suggested aimed at enhancing EIA practice, helping deliver better decision-making and ultimately improving the environmental performance of expressway infrastructure.     

An institutional theoretic investigation on the links between internationalization of Chinese manufacturers and their environmental supply chain management

Increased market internationalization with more and stricter environmental regulations in different countries has caused manufacturers to extend their environmental management practices to cover their supply chain partners. Thus, environmental supply chain management (ESCM) has become an important competitive and environmental strategy for manufacturers to pursue. China, as a global manufacturer, is also facing this balance of economic development with environmental protection. The literature remains unclear on whether internationalization is beneficial or costly when it comes to environmental management practices such as ESCM within China. Further insight into this issue will be useful for organizations in developing and emergent economies to more effectively prepare for internationalizing their operations and markets. Using internationalization drivers that propel the implementation of environmental management practices in the Chinese manufacturing industry, we applied cluster analysis to group a sample of 377 Chinese manufacturers surveyed in 2007 into three clusters: mature internationalization, emergent internationalization, and domestic-focused. Institutional theory within an internationalization context sets the theoretical foundation for evidence that the international environmentally oriented institutional drivers encountered are positively associated with the adoption of ESCM practices by Chinese manufacturers. We also find significant differences in the environmental, economic and operational performance outcomes across the three manufacturer clusters. We conclude that manufacturing organizations experiencing internationalization with a greater extent of adopting ESCM practices tend to perform better.     

曲格平的环保实践与中国环境管理体系的形成

从曲格平40年环保经历出发,循着曲格平环境管理思想形成的脉络,阐述了曲格平对中国环境管理体系形成的贡献,勾勒出了曲格平环境管理思想指导下形成的中国环境管理框架体系。     

Water Dispatch Model for Middle Route of a South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project in China1

Chang, Jian‐xia, Yi‐min Wang, and Qiang Huang, 2011. Water Dispatch Model for Middle Route of a South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project in China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):70‐80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00478.x Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present a simulation model to address the water dispatch problem of the south‐to‐north water transfer project for the Middle Route system in China. Reasonable rules and a system network structure are established. This model consists of five modules: (1) a data‐processing module, (2) an initial control module, (3) a multisource simulation dispatch module, (4) a system identification module, and (5) a revision module. Water allocated to each province and city along the route is obtained by simulation, and the long‐term operation results show that water supply reliabilities are significantly improved if the transferred water is jointly dispatched with the local water resources.