Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

全球气候治理主体共同体化现状、问题与深化路径

在全球治理和国际秩序加速变革等大变局背景下,全球气候治理体系和秩序正在经历深刻变化。全球气候问题需要全球气候治理的主体去认知与改造,主体在全球气候治理进程中有着关键性影响。当前全球气候治理主体的内涵和外延在持续变化,最值得关注的变化就是全球气候治理主体走向共同体化,并且正在形成一种规范。全球气候治理主体间在利益、责任与命运关系的演化,对更大范围的、更深程度的主体关系提出了新要求。本文基于近年来全球气候治理实践,分析了全球气候治理主体共同体及其关系的发展情况与趋势,同时分析人类命运共同体如何引导全球气候治理主体共同体及其关系,以更好聚焦国际社会应对气候变化的首要因素,开启全球应对气候变化新征程。     

Atmospheric gaseous organic acids in winter in a rural site of the North China Plain

Organic acids are important contributors to the acidity of atmospheric precipitation,but their existence in the Chinese atmosphere is largely unclear.In this study,twelve atmospheric gaseous organic acids,including C₁-C₉ alkanoic acids,methacrylic acid,pyruvic acid,and benzoic acid,were observed in the suburb of Wangdu,Hebei Province,a typical rural site in the northern China plain from 16^th December,2018 to 22^nd January,2019,using a Vocus@Proton-Trans...     

环境规制对区域碳排放时空差异的影响——基于东北三省32个地级市的实证分析

基于2007—2016年东北三省地级市面板数据,结合夜间灯光指数核算地级市碳排放,运用基尼系数、莫兰指数、热点分析等方法,实证分析了不同环境规制对东北三省地级市碳排放的空间效应.结果发现：①区域碳排放总量、人均碳排放量、碳排放强度和单位面积碳排放量呈现正向空间自相关,碳排放的热点区域在相邻地区发生转移,且都有排放中心区域,研究时段内,碳排放在空间上出现不同程度的增长,负增长区域较少.②命令型、经济型和自愿型3种环境规制强度在空间上趋向于更加平衡化的方向发展,存在空间分异性.③自愿型环境规制主要通过直接效应降低碳排放,命令型环境规制主要通过溢出效应降低碳排放,而经济型环境规制则通过总效应对碳排放产生显著正向影响.政府环保部门应促进命令型环境规制的空间溢出效应,通过提高经济型环境规制的有效性刺激技术更新,引进外国先进技术,实行绿色发展模式,以实现"波特假说"的目标.     

冬季黄东海一氧化碳的分布和海-气通量研究

为探究海洋中一氧化碳（CO）的排放对全球碳循环的意义,于2019年冬季采用顶空法对黄海和东海CO的分布和海-气通量进行了研究.结果表明,调查海域大气中CO的体积分数为239×10^-9~941×10^-9,平均值为（588±155）×10^-9.大气中CO体积分数最高值出现在北黄海近岸站位,最低值出现在东海南部,整体呈现黄海高、东海低的特点,且表现出明显的由近岸向外海降低趋势.表层海水CO浓度为0.39~2.80 nmol·L^-1,平均值为（1.23±0.45） nmol·L^-1.表层海水CO浓度高值区出现在东海东部,低值区出现在东海南部,受太阳光辐射和水团影响较大.CO的垂直分布上,浓度最大值一般出现在表层,随深度增加呈现逐渐降低的趋势.表层海水中过饱和系数α为0.99~8.67,平均值为2.61±1.42.CO海-气通量的变化范围为-0.05~41.38 nmol·m^-2·h^-1,平均值为（9.80±9.70） nmol·m^-2·h^-1.表层海水中CO浓度大多是过饱和的,表明冬季黄海和东海是其上方大气的源.这些数据对于估算全球碳排放具有重要作用.     

华中地区供水水库抗生素抗性基因的季节变化及影响因素

为明确华中地区饮用水水源地抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）的赋存特征,本研究选取了11个大型饮用水水源地,分别于2019年秋季和2020年夏季对整合子基因intI1和19个ARGs进行了定量.结果表明,水库环境中ARGs的丰度并不随时间产生明显变化.四环素类、磺胺类及β-内酰胺类耐药基因是华中地区供水水库的优势基因.选取的2种磺胺类ARGs sul1及sul2丰度和检出率均处于较高水平,表明这两种基因是水库环境的优势基因.耐多粘菌素基因mcr-1并未检出,表明我国抗生素限用政策已取得一定效果.与其他环境介质相比,水库环境中ARGs丰度处于较低水平.相关性分析结果显示水质指标与ARGs有一定相关性,表明水质指标可以成为水库环境中ARGs污染的指示指标.由于碳青霉烯类抗生素用量受到严格限制及其易降解的特性,其相应ARGs丰度及检出率均较低;四环素类耐药基因与其他类耐药基因关系密切,基因的水平转移可能是导致该现象的重要因素;intI1虽然整体上与ARGs相关性不强,但仍可能是导致水库环境中个别基因传播扩散的重要因素.     

基于Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型的中国农业增长的演进特征

论文基于偏离-份额法的Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型,从份额分量、结构分量、净竞争分量和资源配置分量4方面系统研究了1985—2014年间中国农业生产规模及结构的演进特征。结果表明：1）研究期间,中国农业增加值呈现阶段式增长,种植业和牧业是导致农业增长的主要产业,黄淮海区和长江中下游区是全国农业增长的主要区域。2）八大粮食生产区农业产业份额分量均表现出先剧烈波动、后稳步增长的发展态势;各区域产业结构优势总体较弱且进一步下降;净竞争分量变化具有波动性,种植业、渔业促进区域农业总体竞争力的作用增强,林业和牧业的促进作用减弱;种植业和林业改善区域农业资源配置效应的作用增强,牧业和渔业则相对减弱。3）建议各区域结合产业发展优势,制定相关政策加强区域资源整合、农产品流通与技术合作,促进地区农业稳定发展。研究结果可为我国农业生产结构优化及差异化的发展策略制定提供依据。     

地下水水源地污染防治优先性研究

在总结地下水水源地污染防治相关研究的基础上,提出了地下水水源地污染防治优先性问题,并建立了优先性评价的指标体系,采用基于灰色关联度和理想解法的综合决策方法实现水源地优先性排序.利用优先控制指标以及指标与工程的对应关系,确定了各水源地工程建设的优先次序.应用案例显示,华北平原9大水源地污染防治可按I期和II期分期进行.城镇生活垃圾无害化处理率、工业固废集中处置利用率、林木覆盖率、地下水固有脆弱性4个指标,在各水源地工程建设的优先次序确定过程中出现最为频繁,体现了华北平原地下水水源地普遍存在的问题.     

Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

• China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km² in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.     

气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响

利用华东446个气象站点1961-2007年日平均气温资料和RegCM3模式预估的2010-2039年日平均气温资料,分别以10 ℃和22 ℃作为取暖和降温度日的基础温度,采用度日法分析了气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响。结果表明,1961-2007年间,整个华东取暖度日、取暖和降温总度日基本都呈减少趋势,且北部减少多于南部;降温度日在华东多数地区都呈增加趋势,以长江三角洲、浙江东部和福建东部沿海增加较多。2010-2039年间,整个华东取暖度日都将继续减少,且北部减少多于东南部;降温度日都将继续增加,且南部增加多于北部和沿海;取暖和降温总度日在华东北部呈减少趋势,而在南部呈增加趋势。过去47 a间,华东取暖度日的减少远超过降温度日的增加,气温变化总体上有利于居住建筑耗能的减少。未来30 a间,华东取暖和降温度日的变化幅度接近,气温变化对居住建筑耗能的正负影响基本相抵消。