大气中γ辐射空气吸收剂量率的波动机制

基于广西防城港市、福建福清市和宁德市的3个滨海核电厂周边γ辐射空气吸收剂量率长时间高频率的连续观测数据,从不同时间尺度进行系统解析.研究发现,在年际尺度上,2014～2020年间宁德嵛山岛站位γ辐射空气吸收剂量率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,与太阳活动的先减弱后增强存在一定的反相位关联;在季节尺度上,2019年度3个站位的观...     

核电材料辐照损伤的多尺度高通量计算模拟

反应堆压力容器用钢等核电材料在持续服役中,由于中子辐照造成其内部缺陷不断累积,致使材料组织结构损伤、性能劣化,对核电安全运行形成潜在威胁。多尺度计算模拟是探索辐照缺陷演化机理的有效手段,结合等效缺陷结构理论,有望实现核电材料服役行为的高效评价与预测。文中综述了多尺度计算模拟在核电材料辐照缺陷演化相关研究领域的进展,并对缺陷结构的多尺度演化本质及相应的多尺度高通量计算模拟方法进行了分析讨论。结果表明,通过缺陷结构特征能量等效传递的方法可以实现从第一性原理计算到缺陷扩散反应动力学等高通量计算模拟的跨尺度耦合;通过多尺度高通量计算模拟得到的缺陷演化热力学和动力学数据,可以搭建用于预测核电材料长期服役行为的材料基因工程数据库;在材料缺陷结构特征能量-组织结构-性能关联性探讨基础上,应用高通量计算模拟,辅以高通量实验数据验证,有望建立基于材料基因组结构能的服役安全工程模型。     

反应堆压力容器主螺栓水压试验拉伸量调整力学分析评价

目的针对某核电站反应堆压力容器主螺栓残余拉伸量与设计要求(1.63±0.03) mm有出入,个别测试数据不在设计要求范围内的情况,对出厂水压试验工况拉伸量验收值进行调整。方法考虑上述拉伸量偏差对螺栓载荷的影响,从应力、疲劳和密封角度展开系统分析,对螺栓、螺纹、连接法兰及反应堆压力容器密封性能分别进行详细的力学评价。结果根据评价结果,对出厂水压试验工况拉伸量验收值进行两次调整,最终确定为(1.68±0.03) mm。结论该机组反应堆压力容器出厂水压试验各项指标满足要求,针对上述拉伸量调整的力学评价合理性得到有效验证。     

污水再生过程中消毒副产物前体物转化规律

采用大孔吸附树脂将污水中的消毒副产物(DBP)前体物分离为亲水性物质(HPI)、强疏水性物质(HPO)和弱疏水性物质(TPI)这3个组分,通过三维荧光光谱、傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振对再生水处理各沿程前体物进行表征,并测定各沿程出水的消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP).结果表明,生活污水中DBPs前体物主要组分为腐殖质和脂肪烃,以HPI为主.一级处理(沉淀)基于HPO与水互斥的物理性能对疏水性腐殖质有较好的去除效果,腐殖质的去除会导致含碳消毒副产物生成势(CDBPFP)的降低.此外由于DON/DOC的增加,含氮消毒副产物生成势(N-DBPFP)有所增加.二级处理(生物处理)对腐殖质和脂类均有较好的去除效果,但会产生大量疏水性的溶解性微生物产物(SMP),因此生物处理后DBPs前体物主要表现为疏水性.SMP的累积会导致C-DBPFP和N-DBPFP的大幅增加.深度处理(滤布滤池)能截留部分腐殖质和疏水性的SMP,因此前体物HPO占比减少,HPI占比增加.深度处理可以通过对SMP的去除来降低C-DBPFP和N-DBPFP.     

最清洁的能源

本文对人类最清洁的能源核聚变能作了简单的介绍。     

Enteric Viruses in a Large Waterborne Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in Finland

In Nokia city about 450,000 l of treated sewage water was for 2 days allowed to run into the drinking water supplies of the city due to a personal error of one employee. Within the next 5 weeks about 1,000 people sought care at the municipal health centre or regional hospital because of gastroenteritis. Here we report the results of viral analyses performed by gene amplification assays from the earliest water and sewage samples as well as from close to 300 patient samples. The contaminating treated sewage was shown to harbour several enteric viruses known to cause acute gastroenteritis. Likewise, the drinking water sample was positive for noro-, astro-, rota-, entero- and adenoviruses. Noroviruses were also found in 29.8% of stool samples from affected patients, while astro-, adeno-, rota- and enteroviruses were detected in 19.7, 18.2, 7.5 and 3.7% of the specimens, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Phytoplankton community structure and environmental parameters in aquaculture areas of Daya Bay, South China Sea

Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton community structure were investigated in two aquaculture areas in Dapeng Cove of Daya Bay, South China Sea, between April 2005 and June 2006. Phytoplankton abundance ranged between 5.0 and 8877.5 cells/mL, with an average of 751.8 cells/mL. The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton were demonstrated by frequent oscillations, with recurrent high abundances from late spring to autumn and a peak stage in late winter. Diatoms were the predominant phytoplankton group, accounting for 93.21% of the total abundance. The next most abundant group was the dinoflagellates, which made up only 1.24% of total abundance. High concentrations of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech with a maximum of 603.0 cells/mL were firstly recorded in this area known for high rates of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) contamination. Temperatures and salinities were within the suitable values for the growth of phytoplankton, and were important in phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations. The operation of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (DNPS) exerts influences on the phytoplankton community and resulted in the high abundances of toxic dinoflagellate species during the winter months. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved silicate (DSi) were su cient, and rarely limited for the growth of phytoplankton. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was the most necessary element for phytoplankton growth. The enriched environments accelerated the growth of small diatoms, and made for the shift in predominant species from large diatom Rhizosolenia spp. to chain-forming diatoms such as Skeletonema costatum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Thalassiosira subtilis.     

A simple formula for calculating the ionization potential of two-electron ions

The ionization potential of one-electron ions can be calculated from a well-known simple equation, but no such equation has been available for calculating the ionization potential of multi-electron ions. I report here an equation that accurately gives the ionization potential of helium-like (i.e., two-electron) ions as a function of the atomic number, the relative difference from experimental values being below 1% for all ions for which reliable experimental data were found (Z = 3–29). The equation also predicts the stability of the negative hydrogen ion (the hydride ion), H⁻, although with twice too large a value for the ionization potential.     

土壤修复与重金属回收中的超临界二氧化碳萃取技术

针对应用于污染土壤修复、重金属回收以及核废料处理领域的超临界二氧化碳萃取技术,重点阐述了该技术的国内外研究进展和最新动向,分析了超临界二氧化碳萃取用于上述领域与传统工艺相比的技术优势,并指出了今后应该着力解决的关键问题。     

The nuclear disaster management system in Taiwan: a case study of the third (Maanshan) nuclear power plant

This paper explores the effectiveness of the nuclear disaster management system in Taiwan via a review of the third (Maanshan) nuclear power plant. In doing so, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan on 11 March 2011 is reviewed and compared with the situation in Taiwan. The latter's nuclear disaster management system is examined with respect to three key variables: information; mobilisation; and inter‐organisational cooperation. In‐depth interviews with 10 policy stakeholders with different backgrounds serve as the research method. The results point up the need for improvement in all dimensions. In addition, they highlight three principal problems with the nuclear disaster management system: (i) it might not be possible to provide first‐hand nuclear disaster information immediately to the communities surrounding the Maanshan facility in Pingtung County, southern Taiwan; (ii) the availability of medical resources for treating radiation in Hengchun Township is limited; and (iii) the inter‐organisational relationships for addressing nuclear disasters need to be strengthened. Hence, cooperation among related organisations is necessary.