基于梯形模糊数的沉积物重金属污染风险评价模型与实例研究

综合考虑到经典确定性污染评价模型的现实缺陷,将梯形模糊数理论引入环境评价领域,通过将研究区域重金属背景值及重金属实测含量的梯形模糊数化,结合聚类分析、α-截集技术和区间数隶属度计算,最后基于定义的重金属生物毒性评价权重系数建立了沉积物重金属污染风险模糊评价模型.采用该评价模型评价了洞庭湖表层沉积物重金属污染的风险状况,结果表明,洞庭湖水系表层沉积物中7种重金属污染风险程度排序为:Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn>As,Hg、Cd和Pb应成为洞庭湖水环境污染治理的优先控制因子.与确定性模型评价结果的对比分析表明,模糊评价模型得出了各重金属地累积指数的可能值区间,并进而得出与之对应的隶属可信度水平,从而较好地弥补了确定性评价的不足,更客观地、全面地表征了评价区域沉积物中重金属的真实污染状态与空间分布差异.     

考虑指标协调性的湖泊富营养化评价模型

湖泊富营养化程度评价标准中同一评价指标的分级界点值差异很大,近似地呈现指数变化.基于该认识,提出了1个基于指标协调性的湖泊富营养化综合评价模型.对评价标准及待评湖泊监测值进行对数变换,改善了评价指标值的协调性,降低了评价系统的非线性化程度;在定义待评湖泊各监测指标与富营养化标准各级别之间距离测度的基础上,按评价指标协调性要求构造评价函数;鉴于评价标准为区问教的实际情况,采用区间数计算待评湖泊与各级标准的相对距离测度,并按距离测度值的大小进行湖泊富营养化状态分类.该模型建模思路清晰,物理意义明确,计算过程简捷,一组由5个湖泊组成的富营养化综合评价案例计算结果表明,评价结果符合实际.     

曝气灌溉条件下土壤N2O排放特征及影响因子分析

为了明确曝气灌溉下土壤N₂O排放特征及主要影响因子,实验设置了2个灌水量（70%和90%田间持水量）和2个增氧水平（5,40mg/L）,采用静态箱法和qPCR技术对土壤N₂O通量及土壤关键功能基因进行测定,研究不同灌水量和增氧水平对土壤充水孔隙度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位（Eh）、矿质氮及氨氧化古菌（AOA）、氨氧化细菌（AOB）和反硝化基因（narG和nosZ）的影响.结果表明：培养过程中,各处理N₂O排放通量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,于灌溉后1d达到峰值;曝气量和灌水量的增加可显著增加土壤N₂O的排放通量和排放峰值.灌溉造成土壤含水量增加的同时,降低了土壤溶解氧和Eh;曝气可提高土壤溶解氧和Eh,改善土壤通气性（P<0.05）,而对土壤充水孔隙度无显著影响.土壤充水孔隙度、Eh、NO₃^--N含量是曝气灌溉下驱动土壤N₂O排放的主要理化因子.曝气显著增加了AOA的基因拷贝数,且N₂O排放与AOA的基因拷贝数呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.研究结果为进一步明确曝气灌溉对土壤N₂O排放的影响机制和曝气灌溉模式下农田N₂O排放管理提供支撑.     

Cd胁迫下城郊农业土壤微生物活性对生物炭输入的响应

为了探究Cd胁迫下生物炭输入对城郊农业土壤微生物活性的影响,通过室内培养试验,分析CK处理(风干土壤)、Cd处理(风干土壤+外源Cd)、CdBC处理〔风干土壤+外源Cd+2%生物炭,即生物炭与土壤(以湿质量计)质量比为2%〕、BC处理(风干土壤+2%生物炭)对土壤呼吸、土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响. 结果表明:整个培养期(0~60 d)内,各处理下土壤CO₂累积释放量表现为CK处理＜Cd处理＜CdBC处理＜BC处理. 与CK处理相比,CdBC处理下生物炭输入能显著增加土壤CO₂累积释放量(P＜0.05),增幅为43.6%,并且土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量也有显著增加(P＜0.05),增幅分别达到12.7%、62.7%、18.7%. Cd胁迫对土壤酶活性的抑制表现为蔗糖酶＜脲酶＜中性磷酸酶,抑制率分别为3.5%、6.8%、18.0%. 生物炭输入可使受Cd胁迫的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶的活性有所增强,增幅分别为15.0%、18.4%. 可见,生物炭输入可在不同程度上缓解Cd胁迫对蔗糖酶、脲酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响.      

基于模糊理论的流域土壤侵蚀量计算

基于土壤可蚀性因子、地形因子、植被覆盖因子等的模糊性、不精确性,运用模糊理论将这些影响因子定义为三角模糊数。在此基础上,通过将确定性USLE模型参数模糊化,建立了流域土壤侵蚀量计算的模糊USLE模型。实例研究表明,以模糊理论计算流域土壤侵蚀量,理论上是可行的,计算结果是可信的。     

Response of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.     

River Otter (Lutra lutra L.) in Northeastern Siberia: Distribution and Numbers

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

The Impact of Pollution on the Meroplankton of Gaidamak Bight (Vostok Bay,Sea of Japan)

The taxonomic composition, concentration, and distribution of meroplankton have been studied in Gaidamak Bight, Peter the Great Bay, chronically exposed to anthropogenic impact. It has been demonstrated that, in addition to larvae of benthic invertebrates resistant to pollution, the larvae of other species are always abundant in the bight. They drift with currents from neighboring clean water areas, thus maintaining the high reproductive potential of meroplankton in the bight. Therefore, if this water area was cleared of pollutants, it could be populated again by species that have disappeared from it.     

污泥的分形维数与粒度随统计样本的变化特征

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)中成熟颗粒污泥和某污水处理厂回流、厌氧、曝气、消化4个单元中絮状污泥的一维、二维分形维数(D₁、D₂、D′₂)及平均粒径在不同统计样本数下的变化规律。结果表明,当统计样本数达到200以上时,ABR中成熟颗粒污泥的D₁、D₂、D′₂值趋于稳定;当样本数达到300以上时,某污水处理厂4个单元中絮状污泥的D₁、D₂、D′₂值也分别趋于稳定。此外,1^#ABR中的颗粒污泥在统计样本数达到350以上时其中位直径趋于稳定,而2^#ABR和某污水处理厂4个处理单元中的污泥,在试验样本数下并未达到稳定。基于研究的结果和相关文献的结论,研究认为,如果需要得到稳定的平均粒径结果,可能需要大量的统计样本数,该样本数至少要大于600。     

IIFLNs-AHP及其在煤矿安全状况评价中的应用

为了评价煤矿的安全现状,同时实现对各类安全隐患的排查,构建了基于层次分析法(AHP) 耦合区间直觉模糊语言数（IIFLNs）进行计算的IIFLNs-AHP评价模型。首先提出了区间直觉模糊语言关联混合几何 (R-IIFLNHG)算子,并由其算出评价权重向量;其次结合层次分析法（AHP）运用提出的权重聚合计算公式来确定各层次指标重要程度,并对指标进行排序。以某煤矿为例,运用IIFLNs-AHP进行计算,同时根据计算结果找到了隐含的各类安全隐患,其计算分析结果与现场情况及前人研究结论基本一致,从而验证了IIFLNs-AHP的正确性。结果表明,IIFLNs-AHP能够较好地对煤矿各类安全评价指标进行排序,有助于确定指标体系中的薄弱环节,并可据此实现对安全管理有针对性的改进与完善。