Acute impairing effects of morphine related to driving: A systematic review of experimental studies to define blood morphine concentrations related to impairment in opioid-naïve subjects

Objective: The objective of this study was to look for dose– and concentration–effect relationships in experimental studies on single-dose administration of morphine on traffic-relevant behavioral tests by a systematic literature review and possibly to see whether a dose/concentration could be defined below which few or no tests would be affected.

Methods: Searches for corresponding literature were conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, throughout March of 2016. The search strategy consisted of words colligated to cognitive and psychomotor functions of relevance to driving, in relation to morphine administration. The tests were arranged in main groups, and tests showing impairment were categorized by doses as well as calculated plasma concentrations.

Results: Fifteen studies were included in the review. Impairment after the administration of a single intravenously dose of morphine was found in some of the tests on reaction time, attention, and visual functions. No impairment was observed in tests on psychomotor skills and en-/decoding. Tests on reaction time appeared to be less sensitive to the morphine administration, whereas tests on visual functions and attention appeared to be the most sensitive to the morphine administration. Single-dose administration of morphine with dosages up to 5 mg appeared to cause very few effects on traffic-relevant performance tasks. At higher dosages, impairment was found on various tasks but with no clear dose–effect relationship. Plasma morphine concentrations less than 50 nmol/L are most probably accompanied by few effects on traffic-relevant performance tasks.

Conclusions: A plasma morphine concentration of 50 nmol/L (approximately 14.3 ng/mL) could represent an upper level, under which there is little accompanying road traffic risk. A single dose of 5 mg morphine IV and analgetic equivalence doses of fentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone are presented with the suggestion that few traffic-relevant effects will appear after such doses.     

酸预处理对整体式催化剂载体性能的影响研究

通过使用不同浓度,不同类型的酸溶液,在不同条件下对堇青石载体进行预处理,考察了酸预处理前后载体本征性能的改变和对甲苯催化性能的影响,测试了其失重率,吸水率,上载率本征性能,并通过XRF,BET,SEM等手段进行表征测试分析.结果发现,通过使用20% HCl对堇青石载体进行加热处理3h,可获得最优性能的堇青石载体.吸水率较处理前可提升48.0%以上,活性组分上载率可达14.5%,皮尔逊检验表明吸水率与上载率存在中度正相关的相关性.通过对甲苯催化活性测试,其结果表明,通过酸预处理,堇青石载体比表面积提升10倍以上,由其制得的整体式催化剂催化降解甲苯的T₁₀和T₉₀分别为142和200℃.     

电催化氧化有机污染物的电极性能评估策略

本研究采用电化学测试和亚甲基蓝（MB）模拟废水处理两种手段评估了填充床电极反应器电催化氧化有机污染物的电极性能.循环伏安（CV）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）拟合结果表明,填充床体系的电极面积是PbO₂/Ti阳极面积的1.54倍（即床层拓展系数l为0.54）,PbO₂/Ti阳极（γ）和活性炭复极化粒子电极（β）用于MB氧化的有效电流占比分别为0.63、0.34;采用废水处理结果拟合所得的λ和γ+β为0.54和0.99,所得数值与前者相符,两种方式得以相互验证.对体系能耗和电流效率的回归分析及F检验结果证明了所构建评估策略的准确性,可为填充床体系电极性能评估提供理论与方法支撑.     

填埋场环境下HDPE膜老化特性及其对周边地下水污染风险的影响

为研究危险废物填埋场环境下防渗系统HDPE膜（高密度聚乙烯膜）材料老化规律及其对渗滤液产生、渗漏和区域地下水环境的影响,通过HDPE膜缺陷现场检测及室内老化性能测试,获取了HDPE膜初始缺陷特征参数（漏洞密度）和缺陷演化特征参数（老化起始时间和半衰期）,并以上述参数作为输入,综合运用HELP模型（填埋场水文过程评估模型）与Landsim模型（填埋场地下水污染风险模拟模型）对HDPE膜老化条件下的渗滤液产生、渗漏和地下水污染过程进行模拟预测.结果表明:①现场条件下HDPE膜在第2年开始老化,第8年达到半衰期.②HDPE膜老化导致漏洞数量和渗透系数增加,进而导致渗滤液渗漏量增加,地下水污染风险逐渐增加.短期（0~5 a）内,地下水超标概率为0,污染风险较小;中期（5~10 a）内,距离填埋场200 m内污染超标概率污染≥ 80%,污染风险较大,但400 m外的污染概率为0,污染风险较小;就长期（>10 a）而言,距离填埋场1 000 m处,污染超标概率达100%,地下水污染风险极大.填埋场现场条件下,防渗材料劣化及老化过程较实验室条件更为迅速,导致渗滤液长期渗漏、地下水污染风险加剧,因此建议加强填埋场设计和运行中HDPE膜抗老化研究,保障危险废物填埋场长期安全运行.      

苯酚对EBPR系统除磷性能的抑制作用

采用SBR反应器考察了投加不同浓度苯酚(5、10、30、50、100、150、200 mg·L~(-1))对强化生物除磷工艺(EBPR)系统除磷性能的影响.结果表明,苯酚浓度≤50 mg·L~(-1)时,COD及PO3-4-P的去除率均在85%以上,系统具有较好的污染物去除性能;而投加高浓度苯酚(≥100 mg·L~(-1)),反应器除磷性能大幅降低;当苯酚浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)时,系统仅经过22个周期便丧失除磷性能,COD平均去除率降至61.3%,且在短期内难以恢复.同时发现,长期投加苯酚导致EBPR系统污泥除磷性能受到抑制,且对好氧吸磷的抑制作用大于厌氧释磷.此外,低浓度苯酚条件下(≤50 mg·L~(-1)),因污泥对苯酚毒性逐渐适应,系统污泥微膨胀现象逐渐消失,而由高浓度苯酚引发的污泥膨胀却难以恢复.短期冲击实验表明,由投加苯酚导致的出水COD和磷浓度的波动可随着苯酚撤去而逐渐恢复,由此可知,苯酚冲击对系统除磷性能的抑制可逆.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

典型电容近炸引信存储性能退化分析

目的分析退化或失效的原因及机理。方法提出电容近炸引信储存性能试验,结合引信组成结构特点和出厂性能要求,对实际储存2~8年的引信开展储存性能检测试验,并对试验结果进行分析,进而确定性能退化敏感参数。结果性能退化原因和机理分析表明,三极管、电阻、电路中导电胶粘结力、电感线圈等长储后性能退化影响引信性能。结论确定了引信长储后检测时应重点关注定时器接电前输入电流、炸高和检波电压三项参数,并着重分析三极管、电阻、电路中导电胶和电感线圈等部位。     

适用于渤海海域浮式核电平台水动力特性研究基础与展望

针对海洋浮式核电平台的水动力特征问题,从核电平台作业海况、设计选型和研究手段三个方面进行了概述。对比核电平台与陆地核电站差异,提出了浮式海洋核电平台万年一遇的极限海况计算标准。对比论证了多种平台类型与系泊方式,确定了适合我国渤海海域的平台载体类型、系泊方式。介绍了核电平台研究的技术手段,从数值模拟、原型观测与模型试验等三个方面对目前常用的核电平台水动力分析方法进行了概述,最后指出了浮式核动力平台研究发展的方向。     

等离子球磨机的研制及其振动平台试验

目的实现球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体,开发出商用等离子球磨机。方法通过在不同弹簧和平台质量条件下,利用振动传感器测试平台的振幅(峰峰值)和加速度(有效值)数值,对比确定最优配置和机械振动参数。结果当振动平台振幅接近球磨室内径时,获得高振幅和高加速度的磨球,显著缩短了气体放电间距,实现了球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体。所设计的单筒等离子振动球磨机,其振动平台可选用φ7 mm、φ8 mm两组弹簧,根据平台质量的不同,选择不同类型的激振块组合,可以在30 Hz转速以上实现平台振幅峰峰值达到或者接近球磨罐内径值,同时拥有10g以上的加速度有效值。结论本试验综合机械振动学、高压绝缘放电和材料加工技术,所研制的等离子体球磨机实现了机械能和等离子体能在球磨过程中的协同作用,显著提高了粉末活性,降低了化合物合成反应激活能,从而显著提高了所制备材料的性能。     

HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法研究

目的建立一种HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验方法。方法研发一套户外热循环自然环境加速试验装置,可以模拟和强化太阳辐射对HTPB推进剂的热效应和昼夜温差冲击效应,并保持环境温度日夜温差循环、季节温差循环的特点。利用该装置,在海南万宁试验站户外暴露场开展HTPB推进剂自然环境加速老化试验及其验证试验,设定试验最高温度不超过70℃,并同期开展HTPB推进剂库房贮存试验。从模拟性、加速性、重现性评价自然环境加速老化试验方法的可信度。结果随着老化时间的延长,最大拉伸强度保留率波动下降,可作为HTPB推进剂敏感力学参数。与该推进剂在库房贮存不同时间的最大拉伸强度保留率相比,在置信度为99%,两种试验方法的Spearman秩相关系数为0.93时,自然环境加速老化试验方法对于库房贮存试验方法的加速倍率为5倍,自然环境加速老化试验重现性良好。结论建立了一种适用于HTPB推进剂的简单易行、模拟性强、加速倍率高的自然环境加速老化试验方法,能再现HTPB推进剂在实际库房贮存的力学性能变化规律。