油气管道维抢修密封卡具的安全检测与应用

针对油气管道维抢修所使用密封卡具在使用过程中存在安全隐患的问题,提出了1种密封卡具的安全检测方法,并设计了检测平台。检测平台主要由管段夹持装置、密封卡具组件、实验管段、液压注剂系统以及压力测量系统等构成;检测方法包括密封卡具的出厂强度检验、密封性能测试以及安全施工压力测试,通过检测来确保施工过程中密封卡具的安全稳定性及密封作业的成功率;在新疆油田采油一厂进行了现场应用,对泄漏管段进行现场勘测后设计加工了适用的密封卡具,对该卡具进行了室内安全检验,并依据注剂式密封技术的相关标准在现场实施了带压密封作业。研究结果表明:所加工密封卡具的强度、密封性能安全可靠,现场安全注剂压力不应超过22 MPa,管道未发生二次破坏,密封效果良好。     

北京APEC期间不同颗粒物源解析方法的结果比较

2014年10月8日~11月25日,在北京城市点位采用颗粒物多组分在线监测技术与单颗粒气溶胶质谱（SPAMS）两种方法测定颗粒物化学组分.基于颗粒物在线多组分监测技术得到的受体数据,采用ME2模型进行解析（OC-ME2）;基于SPAMS的观测数据,采用ART-2a和ME2两种方法进行来源解析.SPAMS-ART2a方法解析得到6种颗粒物污染源,而SPAMS-ME2和OC-ME2均确定了5种来源.每种方法都识别出了扬尘源、机动车尾气、燃煤源、工艺过程源和二次源.结果表明：3种方法的解析结果均显示机动车尾气（25.43%~28.84%）和二次源（22.55%~33.50%）是颗粒物的主要来源,其次是燃煤源（20.16%~21.21%）和工艺过程源（12.01%~15.17%）;不同方法解析出的同种源在对颗粒物（PM）的分担率与贡献时间变化上存在较大的差异,这可能与采样方法、化学分析方法和数据分析方法等有关.对APEC会议期间主要污染源类特征进行研究,3种方法解析结果中的首要污染源均是机动车尾气（29.17%~44.18%）,其贡献均高于非会议期间（23.59%~28.79%）,表明在此期间机动车尾气对颗粒物的产生具有重要影响.     

抗战胜利70周年大阅兵期间石家庄大气细颗粒物在线来源解析

抗战胜利70周年阅兵纪念活动空气质量保障前后,利用位于石家庄市大气自动梯度站20 m处单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对大气细颗粒物来源进行了解析.结果表明,阅兵活动当日,大气细颗粒物的首要污染源为机动车尾气(20.9%)和燃煤(20.6%),与空气质量保障前后相比,两类源的贡献均出现不同程度的降低,且颗粒物数浓度处于较低水平,保障措施起到了较好的效果,其中"控车"和"控煤"效果更为显著.来自机动车尾气的颗粒以短链元素碳和Mn为主,来自燃煤源的颗粒物以有机碳为主,来自工艺工业源的颗粒物以有机碳和金属为主,来自扬尘源的颗粒物以硅酸盐和钙为主.保障措施结束后,颗粒物浓度迅速攀升,是低压静稳不利气象条件和东南方向低空传输共同作用结果,其中扬尘和机动车尾气的贡献增长较为突出.     

光电比色法测定低浓度废水的化学需氧量

探讨了光电比色法测定低浓度废水的可行性,该方法在保证较高的准确度和精密度的前提下,能大量减少试剂的用量,直接读数,无需滴定或绘制标准曲线,但该方法对Cl-的抗干扰能力较差。     

流动注射法实现COD在线快速监测的方法研究

采用流动注射分析技术,与COD在线监测标准方法进行实验比对,在保证测定结果准确可靠的前提下,实现COD的快速高效测定。流动注射测定COD的方法测量范围宽、重现性高、测量速度快、运行成本极低、无二次污染,能够满足各类在线监测和监管的需要。     

Evaluation of the mobility of c14‐labelled pesticides in soils by thin layer chromatography using a linear analyser

Abstract

The mobility of seven pesticides in a chromic cambisol soil was studied by soil thin layer chromatography. Pesticide mobilities were determined by means of conventional autoradiographs of the chromatograms, as well as from sequential series of curves and images of the pesticide spots provided by a linear analyser. The R _f values obtained from the autoradiographs and those provided by the linear analyser were quite consistent. Based on such values, pesticide mobility decreased in the following order: acephate > fluometuron > atrazine > ethofumesate > metolachlor > diazinon > glyphosate. According to the mobility scale proposed by Helling and Turner (1968), acephate is highly mobile; atrazine, fluometuron, ethofumesate and metolachlor are moderately mobile; diazinon is slightly mobile; and glyphosate is immobile. The images provided by the linear analyser allow to determine the R _f values for the zones of maximum activity in the pesticide spots (R _f ^max), as well as the activities of different spot zones and those corresponding to R _f and R _f ^max. The results obtained show the image analyser to provide more expeditious R _f measurements from the chromatograms and open up new prospects for using soil TLC to investigate pesticide mobility.     

Using Wikipedia to measure public interest in biodiversity and conservation

The recent growth of online big data offers opportunities for rapid and inexpensive measurement of public interest. Conservation culturomics is an emerging research area that uses online data to study human–nature relationships for conservation. Methods for conservation culturomics, though promising, are still being developed and refined. We considered the potential of Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, as a resource for conservation culturomics and outlined methods for using Wikipedia data in conservation. Wikipedia's large size, widespread use, underlying data structure, and open access to both its content and usage analytics make it well suited to conservation culturomics research. Limitations of Wikipedia data include the lack of location information associated with some metadata and limited information on the motivations of many users. Seven methodological steps to consider when using Wikipedia data in conservation include metadata selection, temporality, taxonomy, language representation, Wikipedia geography, physical and biological geography, and comparative metrics. Each of these methodological decisions can affect measures of online interest. As a case study, we explored these themes by analyzing 757 million Wikipedia page views associated with the Wikipedia pages for 10,099 species of birds across 251 Wikipedia language editions. We found that Wikipedia data have the potential to generate insight for conservation and are particularly useful for quantifying patterns of public interest at large scales.     

光电探测器微变信号放大电路的设计和分析

针对火灾探测过程中的光电探测器输出的微弱信号设计了一个微变信号提取放大电路。将探测器内阻分解为微变内阻和不变内阻,采用两路取样信号方法进行差模放大。经过计算选择了特定的电路参数,使得电路输出和探测器微变内阻成正比关系,从而实现了微变信号的放大。用斩波方法进行了电路输出性能的实验。对电路参数的选择以及温漂问题进行了详细分析。     

重庆市主城区大气水溶性离子在线观测分析

2015年12月—2016年3月期间,利用在线气体与气溶胶成分监测仪(IGAC)在重庆市大气超级站开展连续观测分析,并捕捉到2次持续时间较长的空气重污染过程。对PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性离子及5种气态前体物的观测结果分析表明:NO_3~-、NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)是重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)中主要的水溶性离子成分,其浓度均表现出明显的日变化特征,主要以(NH4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在。NH_3和SO_2是最主要的气态污染物。2次重污染过程的水溶性离子组分有明显差异,细颗粒物累积型污染的NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-浓度高,二次转化十分明显;春节期间烟花爆竹集中燃放,Cl~-、K~+浓度高,主要属于一次排放;污染期间主要离子组分的同源性特征显著。     

江苏省火电机组节能减排在线监测系统的开发及应用

阐述了江苏省火电机组节能减排在线监测系统的监测模型、系统架构及应用功能开发情况,分析了系统的特点及其推广应用情况。该系统以实现多种类型火电机组节能减排监管业务数据的实时在线监测为目标．基于电力调度数据网络,利用J2EE分布式多层系统应用架构技术,依据MVC模式的设计思路进行技术的选型及应用的开发,包括机组状态实时监控、统计分析等功能,已在全省270余家电厂应用,保障了脱硫（硝）电价等节能减排政策落到实处。