藻类与有机污染物间的相互作用研究

本文就若干有机污染物对藻类的毒性效应及藻类对这些污染物的富集降解作用进行了系列研究。结果表明，不同污染物对藻类的毒性有很大差别，其中三有机锡的毒性最大。此外，不同藻类对毒物具有不同的敏感性，其中扁藻Platymonas sp.和斜生栅藻S．obliquus最敏感。藻类通过生物富集和生物降解两种途径去除水中污染物，其中，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯最容易被去除。藻类固定化能够在一定程度上增加藻类对污染物的降解。     

3种环保型淋洗剂对重金属污染土壤的淋洗效果

采用振荡淋洗法研究衣康酸(IA)、丙烯酸-2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸共聚物(AA/AMPS)和衣康酸-丙烯酸共聚物(IA-AA)在不同因素影响下对污染土壤Cd、Pb和Zn的淋洗效率。结果表明：3种淋洗剂对土壤Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率随其浓度增加而快速上升,随pH增加呈迅速下降和先升高后降低2种趋势,随淋洗时间总体呈上升趋势;3种淋洗剂在浓度为0.15 mol·L-1且pH为3时,对Cd和Zn去除率最高（39.34%~65.65%）;在相同浓度和pH为5条件下对Pb的去除率最高（22.05%~50.62%）。其中IA-AA对Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率分别可达65.65%、50.62%和44.92%。它们去除的主要重金属组分为酸溶态、可还原态和部分可氧化态,且经IA和IA-AA淋洗的土壤养分损失相对较小。因此,IA-AA是修复Cd、Pb和Zn复合污染土壤有工程应用前景的淋洗剂。     

车内空气中挥发性有机物的研究

采用热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用法对4辆处于静止状态下的车辆内部空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了研究,共定性检出了48种有机物,其中C6～C9之间的组分较多;并对VOCs的总浓度进行了定量,1#～4#车分别为1846、2289、1104和3146 μg/m^3;其中BTEX占VOCs总量的20%～30%;车内VOCs浓度与温度及车辆使用年限密切相关.     

大型垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化研究

本文对大型垃圾填埋场内不同填埋时间垃圾四个组分 (总糖、有机质、生物可降解物和粗纤维 )含量进行了分析 ,并对各指标随填埋时间的变化趋势进行了讨论。结果表明 :在试验场封场后不久 ,垃圾取样均匀性不能保证 ,各指标随时间变化波动很大 ;封场 71 8d后 ,各指标随时间变化呈现一定的规律性 ,垃圾的生物可降解物含量变化能较好地反映垃圾的降解规律。     

硫自养反硝化工艺去除布洛芬

通过硫自养反硝化反应器连续流实验与批次实验相结合的研究方式,考察了硫自养反硝化工艺对含布洛芬的（低浓度100 μg·L-1和高浓度1 000 μg·L-1）废水的处理效果,并初步研究了硫自养反硝化活性污泥对其去除机理。结果表明,硫自养反硝化活性污泥对布洛芬有较好的去除效果,反应器中布洛芬的平均去除率>95%,且实验组（含布洛芬）的反硝化脱氮效果要优于空白组（不含布洛芬）,布洛芬的存在可以提高系统的反硝化脱氮效率。批次实验中,在短时间内（<6 d）,不同浓度布洛芬的去除率均达到100%;而其中吸附去除率<30%。研究表明,在硫自养反硝化工艺中,布洛芬通过生物降解作用和吸附作用去除,且生物降解起主要作用。     

循环流化床锅炉掺烧危废渣蜡对灰渣污染特征的影响

煤制油技术产生的易蓄热自燃的渣蜡属于危险废物,处置不当会带来较大的环境影响和环境风险。通过与燃料煤混合燃烧的利用方式处理渣蜡可降低处理成本,同时减少能源浪费。按燃料煤与渣蜡30∶1的比例混合,通过循环流化床 (CFB) 锅炉掺烧,对其热能进行利用,并研究其对CFB锅炉运行和灰渣特征的影响。结果表明,混合后的掺烧燃料组分变化差异较大,部分重金属含量有所增高;掺烧实验开始阶段锅炉的运行负荷和炉膛的出口温度出现明显上升,而工况稳定后,波动不大;相比燃料煤,掺烧产生的粉煤灰和炉渣的热灼减率无明显差异,二恶英类持久性有机污染物贡献均以OCDD为主导,但重金属铬、锰和铜含量稍有增加,主要受渣蜡中重金属迁移和难挥发影响。本研究结果可为通过循环流化床 (CFB) 锅炉掺烧发电的方式对渣蜡进行合理的资源化利用提供参考。     

Lead adsorption capacities of different components in natural surface coatings

Pb adsorption capacities of Fe oxide, Mn oxide and organic materials in natural surface coatings (biofilms and associated minerals) collected in three lakes, two ponds and a river in Jilin Province, China and Cayuga Lake in US were studied. A novel extraction technique was employed to remove one or more component(s) from the surface coatings. Pb adsorption to surface coatings before and after extraction was performed to determine the adsorptive properties of the extracted component(s). The statistical analysis of observed Pb adsorption was carried out using nonlinear least squares fitting (NLSF) to estimate the Pb adsorption capacity of each component of surface coatings. For each body of water, the estimated Pb adsorption capacity of Mn oxide( mol Pb/mol Mn) was significantly higher than that of Fe oxide( mol Pb/ mol Fe). The value of estimated adsorption capacities of organic materials with the unit mol Pb per kg COD was similar to or less than that of Fe oxides with the unit mol Pb per mol Fe. Comparison of components of surface coatings in different waters showed that the estimated Pb adsorption capacities of components in surface coatings developed in different natural waters were different,especially for Mn oxides.     

人体需要经常补硒

从硒的生物学作用和防治疾病等方面剖析了硒与人体健康的关系；从元素地球化学、生物地球化学和化学地理等方面探讨了我国缺硒区的形成、分布和等级的划分；从环境地球化学物质场和元素生物地球化学营养链等方面．阐明了作物、禽畜和人体缺硒的原因、危害及其人体补硒的途径和方法，提出了在缺硒区运用元素生物地球化学营养链营养结构模式的原理、和技术方法，从土壤中获取富硒有机食品，供居民食用，是进行食物补硒、提高人体摄硒量、提高人体免疫功能和防治缺硒病症的根本措施。     

基于响应曲面法的臭氧生成敏感性分析

准确判断臭氧(O₃)生成敏感性对O₃污染成因分析和防控对策的制定至关重要.首次利用响应曲面方法设计最优试验方案,基于盒子模式模拟结果,快速量化O₃对其前体物变化的响应.结果表明,CO对O₃有正贡献,NO_x和VOCs与O₃呈现显著非线性关系,当φ(VOCs)与[φ(NO_x)-13.75]比值大于4.17时,为NO_x控制区,小于4.17时,为VOCs控制区;烯烃为影响O₃生成的关键VOCs组分,当φ(烯烃)与[φ(NO_x)-15]比值小于1.10且φ(烯烃)<35×10^-9时,烯烃有利于O₃的生成.响应曲面法在多因素和其交互作用对O₃生成影响的研究中取得了良好效果,为高效判断O₃敏感性提供了新的思路和方法.     

VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.