三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜萃取水体中痕量有机氯农药的研究

以三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAM)萃取作为监测水体中痕量有机氯农药的方法．探讨分析过程中的影响因素和优化条件,结果表明,膜萃取分析方法对17种有机氯农药的平均加标回收率为53％-111％,对强疏水性污染物表现出较高的回收率．利用该方法在南方某自来水厂各工艺段水体中检测出了滴滴涕及其代谢产物、六六六等五种有机氯农药．     

广州南沙红树林湿地水体和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征

红树林湿地对保护海岸生态环境起着重要作用,为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在广州南沙红树林湿地水体和沉积物中的残留水平、来源和生态风险,于2015年3月采集该地区10个表层水体样品和7个表层沉积物样品,并采用GC-ECD测定其中OCPs的含量.结果表明,水体中OCPs含量为1.89~90.19 ng·L~(-1),平均值为30.16 ng·L~(-1);沉积物中OCPs含量为3.10~16.02 ng·g~(-1),平均值为8.58 ng·g~(-1).与其他河口、海湾地区相比,研究区有机氯农药污染处于中等水平.研究区水体和沉积物间HCHs和DDTs的分配系数平均值分别为857和368;在分配系数较高的区域,沉积物成为水体二次污染源的潜力较大.来源分析表明,研究区水体和沉积物中近期仍存在HCHs和DDTs输入,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,DDTs来源于三氯杀螨醇与工业DDT的混合输入;与水体相比,沉积物中的OCPs可能包含更多历史残留组分.风险评价结果显示,水体中OCPs的生态风险较小,但沉积物中OCPs存在较高的生态风险,可能危害红树林生态系统.     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地水体与沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征

湿地对环境污染起重要的缓冲作用,但岩溶区岩溶管道的存在会导致污染物沿高度发达的岩溶管道对地下环境产生威胁.因此,认识岩溶地貌环境中的污染物分布特征是污染物生态风险评估与防范的前提.以24种有机氯农药（OCPs）为研究对象,分析了桂林会仙湿地枯水期和丰水期水体和表层沉积物中OCPs的含量组成特征,解析其来源,并开展风险评价.结果表明,水体中ρ（OCPs）范围为3.17~92.50 ng ·L^-1,沉积物中ω（OCPs）范围为1.16~219.52 ng ·g^-1,呈现以六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）为主的污染特征,水中OCPs含量表现为丰水期高于枯水期,沉积物中OCPs含量枯水期高于丰水期.特征比值法表明OCPs主要为长时间降解残留,部分点位有林丹的新输入.基于蒙特卡洛模拟开展健康风险评价,结果表明,95%分位数水平上,水体中OCPs对人体致癌风险大于1×10^-6,存在潜在健康风险但可接受;非致癌风险均低于1,说明研究区水体中OCPs残留水平不足以对人体造成非致癌风险.     

Organic pollutants in snow of urban and rural Russia and Finland

To check the effect of possible deposition of organic contaminants in northern regions of the Earth due to atmospheric transport snow samples were collected in early March in 6 places in Russia and 4 in Finland including arctic territories. GC‐MS was used as an analytical tool to identify and quantify individual organic compounds belonging to the various classes. As a result more than 250 compounds were detected. The possible presence of more than 100 other priority pollutants from the US EPA list was also screened.     

ECONOMICS OF SCREENING FOR PESTICIDES IN GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: In the United States, millions of dollars are currently spent to monitor water quality for a whole suite of organic compounds. However, results of several surveys conducted in the past decade indicate that only a few pesticides occur in a small proportion of wells. Screening methods based on historical evidence of contamination patterns and knowledge of the locales will have significant potential to reduce these costs and effectively identify contamination problems. In this paper, the economics of utilizing two screening methods, sequential analysis and sample compositing, in the design of monitoring strategies is captured In the form of mathematical models and illustrated for a state-level monitoring program. When the two methods are adopted, the total analytical cost to conclusively identify contaminated wells in a network of 4,000 wells is shown to range from $12,500 to $1,575,000 depending on the extent of contamination. In contrast, the total analytical cost of a conventional program where all the wells in the network are sampled and tested for a standard suite of pesticides at a cost of $250/sample is one million dollars. Given such wide range in costs, it is prudent to incorporate the screening concepts presented in this paper in the development of cost-effective monitoring programs.     

Multiresidue determination of pesticides in tea by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An efficient and reliable GC-MS/MS method for the multiresidue determination of pesticides in tea was developed by modifying the Japanese official multiresidue method. Sample preparation was carefully optimized for the efficient removal of coextracted matrix components. The optimal sample preparation procedure involved swelling of the sample in water; extraction with acetonitrile; removal of water by salting-out; and sequential cleanup by ODS, graphitized carbon black/primary secondary amine (GCB/PSA) and silica gel cartridges prior to GC-MS/MS analysis. The recoveries of 162 pesticides from fortified (at 0.01 mg kg^?1) green tea, oolong tea, black tea and matcha (powdered green tea) were mostly (95–98% of the tested pesticides) within the range of 70–120%, with relative standard deviations of <20%. Poor recovery of triazole pesticides was considered to be due to low recovery from the silica gel cartridges. The test solutions obtained by the modified method contained relatively small amounts of pigments, caffeine and other matrix components and were cleaner than those obtained by the original Japanese official multiresidue method. No interfering peaks were observed in the blank chromatograms, indicating the high selectivity of the modified method. The overall results suggest that the developed method is suitable for the quantitative analysis of GC-amenable pesticide residues in tea.     

农药对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性效应及其机制的研究进展

随着大量农药被广泛的使用并最终汇聚到环境介质中,对生态环境和人体健康产生潜在影响。秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)是土壤中最丰富的后生动物,在土壤生态系统中具有重要地位,并作为一种重要的模式生物广泛应用于环境毒理学研究。本文从秀丽隐杆线虫常用的毒理学研究方法入手,以致死率、生长发育、运动行为、繁殖、活性氧自由基(ROS)水平、细胞凋亡水平、相关基因表达量和蛋白水平等作为测试指标,归纳总结农药对秀丽隐杆线虫的衰老性、神经及生殖系统的毒性效应,分析探索其毒性机理,并展望了未来的研究重点。     

Organochlorine levels in human blood from residents in areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan

Ninety-nine human blood samples were collected from the riverine region of northern Sudan and the traditional and mechanized rain-fed areas of western and eastern Sudan, representing areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) followed by electron-capture detection (ECD). p,p′-DDE (a metabolite of DDT), heptachlor epoxide, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and dieldrin were detected in all locations surveyed. The level of total organochlorine burden was highest in the traditional rain-fed area, followed by the mechanized rain-fed area, and the riverine area. A highly significant correlation was observed between total organochlorine blood burden and the age of the donors (r = 0.608**).     

Determination of oxidative stress markers and serum cholinesterase among pesticide sprayers in southern Brazil

Small farmers generally spray pesticides manually and often do not use complete protective equipment. The standard test to detect pesticide exposure, which may be associated with toxicity, is the determination of serum cholinesterase, but in chronic exposure to low doses, this test is less sensitive. In this study, in a group sampled among pesticide sprayers without signs of intoxication, cholinesterase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (Cat), and superoxide dismutase (Sod) activities were analyzed. Cholinesterase activity was only slightly lower in the farmer group in relation to the control group. However, TBARS and Cat activities were 3-fold increased in the farmers in comparison to the controls. Sod activity was similar in both groups. The group of pesticide sprayers that did not use the complete protective equipment presented a significantly higher level of TBARS than the group that used the complete protective equipment. Therefore, the determination of TBARS and catalase can be useful to identify individuals that are chronically exposed to low doses of pesticides.     

Determination of pesticides in apples,grapes and apple juice from a Kosovo market by gradient liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Apple, grape, and apple juice were analyzed for pesticides using a multireaction mode (MRM) method in samples taken from a Kosovo market. With this method it was possible to analyze about 100 pesticides in the ESI mode. In these samples some types of pesticides were found, but most of them did not exceed the maximum tolerance levels. In apple samples, six pesticides were detected but only three of them were in sufficient quantitites. Dimethoat was below the limit, while acephate and imazalil exceeded the limit. In grape and apple juice samples, all of pesticides which were found did not exceed the maximum tolerable limits.