环境试验在新时期装备环境适应性工作中应用

目的 研究环境试验在新时期装备环境适应性工作中的应用。方法 对各类环境试验的特点进行分析,研究新时期下环境试验在装备不同层次上应用的方法,以及环境试验在装备全寿命周期中的应用要求。结果 实验室环境试验、自然环境试验、使用环境试验以及虚拟环境试验在试验可信度、效率和可分析性上各有其特点。在装备系统不同层次上和装备全寿命周期中,实施环境试验的要求和侧重点不同。结论 在新时期装备的环境适应性工作中,需要用系统工程思想建立起综合运用各类环境试验的策略,在装备各层次统筹各类环境试验,在装备全寿命周期不同阶段应用不同的环境试验。未来应进一步加强多因素环境试验、虚拟环境试验的技术研究和应用,强化自然环境试验基础性地位和加速试验在工程中的应用,以满足新时期装备贴近实战、全面把关、摸清底数、全过程考核评价的需求。     

浅议水雷寿命期内环境条件和边界参数

针对水雷全寿命剖面中环境变量的边界参数进行了深入探讨,为确定水雷全寿命剖面的环境条件边界参数提供了新的研究方向。以确定舰船部署水雷的环境边界参数为案例进行了深入探讨,特别关注了这类水雷在其整个生命周期中的环境条件边界参数,并据此构建了一套用于确定其环境条件边界参数的策略,为水雷产品在其生命周期中环境条件边界参数的确定提供了新的研究方向,这将有助于推动水雷环境工程分析技术的进步,能够更准确地评估水雷的性能和可靠性,从而为水雷的设计和应用提供科学依据。为了进一步提高水雷装备的可靠性和水雷环境工程分析技术,需要对现有的研究思路进行深化和完善,并将其应用于水雷环境条件边界参数的确定过程中,从而为装备建设提供更为坚实的技术支持和依据。     

京津冀机场群飞机LTO大气污染物排放清单

基于国际民航组织(ICAO)标准排放模型,调查搜集京津冀机场群9个机场实际航班情况,充分考虑了大气混合层高度的影响,采用EPA方法修正运行时间,精确估算了2018～2019航季年(364 d)京津冀机场群飞机起飞着陆循环(LTO)大气污染物排放清单.结果表明, 2018～2019航季年京津冀机场群飞机LTO循环NO_x、 CO、 SO₂、 HC和PM排放总量分别为10 720.5、 3 972.2、 407.8、 508.0和53.7 t.其中,冬春航季排放量分别为4 290.2、 1 646.7、 168.3、 220.1和22.4 t;夏秋航季排放量分别为6 430.3、 2 325.5、 239.5、 287.9和31.3 t.从空间分布来看,北京首都机场是该机场群大气污染物排放量最多的机场.从时间分布来看,07:00～08:00处于排放量最高峰, 12:00～20:00处于中等偏高排放水平, 21:00之后排放量相对较低.飞机在LTO循环中NO_x和CO排放量较多,PM排放量最少.各污染物不同工作模式下的排放情况差异...     

Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle: A grand challenge for the twenty-first century: This article belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Eutrophication

Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle by humans results primarily from activities associated with food and energy production. Since the middle of the twentieth century, human activities have more than doubled inputs of nitrogen to the Earth’s ecosystems. This new nitrogen is in chemically and biologically active forms (reactive N) and moves through the environment causing an array of health and environmental problems. Research published in Ambio for the past three decades has been documenting this major global-scale problem and has catalyzed the formation of a science-led initiative, the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI), which has informed policies to manage the global nitrogen cycle. Currently, gaps and opportunities in nitrogen pollution policies still exist and require new interdisciplinary science to help to place the nitrogen management challenge in the context of the other environmental grand challenges of our time including climate change and biodiversity loss because their solutions will be interconnected.     

Life cycle assessment of energy from waste via anaerobic digestion: A UK case study

Particularly in the UK, there is potential for use of large-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) plants to treat food waste, possibly along with other organic wastes, to produce biogas. This paper presents the results of a life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impacts of AD with energy and organic fertiliser production against two alternative approaches: incineration with energy production by CHP and landfill with electricity production. In particular the paper investigates the dependency of the results on some specific assumptions and key process parameters. The input Life Cycle Inventory data are specific to the Greater London area, UK. Anaerobic digestion emerges as the best treatment option in terms of total CO₂ and total SO₂ saved, when energy and organic fertiliser substitute non-renewable electricity, heat and inorganic fertiliser. For photochemical ozone and nutrient enrichment potentials, AD is the second option while incineration is shown to be the most environmentally friendly solution. The robustness of the model is investigated with a sensitivity analysis. The most critical assumption concerns the quantity and quality of the energy substituted by the biogas production. Two key issues affect the development and deployment of future anaerobic digestion plants: maximising the electricity produced by the CHP unit fuelled by biogas and to defining the future energy scenario in which the plant will be embedded.     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环供热项目主机选型方案刍议

发展燃气-蒸汽联合循环供热对于解决经济发展和环境保护具有重要作用，在我国经济发达地区已经开始大规模推广。阐述了燃气一蒸汽联合循环发电、供热技术、特点等，对主机选型方案提出建议。     

Direct and indirect generation of waste in the Spanish paper industry

The paper industry has a relatively high degree of reliance on suppliers when compared to other industries. Exploring the role of the paper industry in terms of consumption of intermediate inputs from other industries may help to understand how the production of paper does not only generate waste by itself but also affects the amount of waste generated by other industries. The product Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a useful analytical tool to examine and assess environmental impacts over the entire life cycle of a product “from cradle to grave” but it is costly and time intensive. In contrast, Economic Input Output Life Cycle Assessment Models (IO-LCA) that combine LCA with Input–Output analysis (IO) are more accurate and less expensive, as they employ publicly available data. This paper represents one of the first Spanish studies aimed at estimating the waste generated in the production of paper by applying IO-LCA. One of the major benefits is the derivation of the contribution of direct and indirect suppliers to the paper industry. The results obtained show that there was no direct relationship between the impact on output and the impact on waste generation exerted by the paper industry. The major contributors to waste generation were the mining industry and the forestry industry.     

Eco-efficiency assessment of options for metal recovery from incineration residues: A conceptual framework

Residues from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in Switzerland have been a hot topic in recent years, both in the research and practice communities. Regarded by many as an economically and environmentally sound solution to this issue, technological retrofitting of existing grate incinerators has the dual purpose of enhancing the metal recovery of bottom and fly ashes and improving the inertization of residues to be landfilled. How does context influence the economic and environmental performance of this particular technological option? Under which conditions would this technological option be implemented nationwide in the future? What are stakeholders’ views on sustainable transitions of MSW incineration? We propose a three-stage methodological procedure to address these questions.     

Dynamic stock and end-of-life flow identification based on the internal cycle model and mean-age monitoring

Planning of end-of-life (EoL) product take-back systems and sizing of dismantling and recycling centers, entails the EoL flow (EoLF) that originates from the product dynamic stock (DS). Several uncertain factors (economic, technological, health, social and environmental) render both the EoLF and the remaining stock uncertain. Early losses of products during use due to biodegradation, wear and uncertain factors such as withdrawals and exports of used, may diminish the stock and the EoLF. Life expectancy prediction methods are static, ignoring early losses and inapt under dynamic conditions. Existing dynamic methods, either consider a single uncertain factor (e.g. GDP) approximately or heuristically modelled and ignore other factors that may become dominant, or assume cognizance of DS and of the center axis of the EoL exit distribution that are unknown for most products. As a result, reliable dynamic EoLF prediction for both durables and consumer end-products is still challenging. The present work develops an identification method for estimating the early loss and DS and predicting the dynamic EoLF, based on available input data (production + net imports) and on sampled measurements of the stock mean-age and the EoLF mean-age. The mean ages are scaled quantities, slowly varying, even under dynamic conditions and can be reliably determined, even from small size and/or frequent samples. The method identifies the early loss sequence, as well as the center axis and spread of the EoL exit distribution, which are subsequently used to determine the DS and EoLF profiles, enabling consistent and reliable predictions.     

西安郊区泾河秋、冬季大气黑碳变化及粒径特征

利用西安郊区泾河大气成分站ρ(BC)(BC为黑碳)、粒子数浓度资料和观象台自动站、探空站数据,对西安郊区秋、冬季ρ(BC)变化特征、粒径分布特征和变化原因进行了分析.结果表明:①泾河郊区ρ(BC)比城区的低.城区ρ(BC)日变化呈三峰特征,峰值分别出现在凌晨02:00、清晨07:00和傍晚20:00,分别为17.0、12.5和21.5 μg/m3.泾河郊区ρ(BC)日变化呈双峰特征,峰值出现在上午09:00和晚上23:00,数值分别为5.5和6.1μg/m3;谷值出现在清晨06:00和下午16:00,数值分别为4.9和2.6μg/m3.②ρ(BC)与不同粒径颗粒物数浓度关系不同,其中与粒径＜4.0 μm粒子的数浓度成正比,与粒径≥4.0 μm粒子(如沙尘)的数浓度成反比;波长指数分析表明,沙尘可致ρ(BC)实测值偏大.③ρ(BC)与近地面逆温强度有密切相关性,R(相关系数)达到0.412 5(P ＜0.000 1);风速小于1.5 m/s时BC易堆积,大于1.5 m/s时则相反;连续降水对BC清除效果显著.