煤矿事故中生命价值经济评价探讨

我国每年都有大量的煤矿事故发生 ,造成数千名矿工死亡 ,对死亡矿工的经济赔偿 ,往往是事故处理的一大难题 ,其主要原因是目前对死亡矿工的赔偿标准偏低。由于赔偿费用低 ,经济赔偿的代价不足 ,以引起威慑和警戒 ,部分煤矿企业仍然不重视安全生产、不珍惜矿工生命 ,从而煤矿伤亡事故不断发生。分析了目前国内外主要的生命价值评价方法和评价结果 ,对煤矿事故中的生命价值进行了研究 ,提出采用净产值推算矿工的生命价值 ,并给出了相应的计算公式和分析实例。分析结果表明 ,目前的赔偿标准不能体现矿工的生命价值 ,二者之间存在相当大的差距     

Application Of Artificial Neural Network Models To Analyse The Relationships Between Gammarus pulex L. (Crustacea, Amphipoda) And River Characteristics

This study aimed at analysing the relationship between river characteristics and abundance of Gammarus pulex. To this end, four methods which can identify the relative contribution and/or the contribution profile of the input variables in neural networks describing the habitat preferences of this species were compared: (i) the ‘PaD‘ (‘Partial Derivatives‘) method consists of a calculation of the partial derivatives of the output in relation to the input variables; (ii) the ‘Weights‘method is a computation using the connection weights of the backpropagation Artificial Neural Networks; (iii) the ‘Perturb‘method analyses the effect of a perturbation of the input variables on the output variable; (iv) the ‘Profile‘ method is a successive variation of one input variable while the others are kept constant at a fixed set of values. The dataset consisted of 179 samples, collected over a three-year period in the Zwalm river basin in Flanders, Belgium. Twenty-four environmental variables as well as the log-transformed abundance of Gammarus pulex were used in this study. The different contribution methods gave similar results concerning the order of importance of the input variables. Moreover, the stability of the methods was confirmed by gradually removing variables. Only in a limited number of cases a shift in the relative importance of the remaining input variables could be observed. Nevertheless, differences in sensitivity and stability of the methods were detected, probably as a result of the different calculation procedures. In this respect, the ‘PaD‘method made a more severe discrimination between minor and major contributing environmental variables in comparison to the ‘Weights‘, ‘Profile‘ and ‘Perturb‘ methods. From an ecological point of view, the input variables ‘Ammonium‘ and to a smaller extent ‘COD‘, were selected by these methods as dominant river characteristics for the prediction of the abundance of Gammarus pulex in this study area.     

Recycling, landfill consumption, and CO2 emission: analysis by waste input–output model

The emission of waste in an economy, including landfill, is to a large extent determined by its patterns of technology, institutions, and lifestyle. A mathematical model (the waste input–output model) is presented that gives a simple analytical representation of this interdependence. The model was used to evaluate the effects of alternative waste disposal and recycling options on the levels of industrial production, landfill consumption, and the emission of carbon dioxide, and also to analyze the overall dependence on landfill of individual industries. It was found that a systematic combination of the options could be effective in reducing the overall landfill consumption and carbon dioxide emission. Received: November 4, 2000 / Accepted: August 2, 2001     

大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的人为来源研究

在2002年春、夏、秋、冬四季对环境大气中挥发性有机化合物的组成和变化规律进行了研究,在此基础上运用CMB8.0受体模型对各类污染源进行了源解析,得到受体点各人为污染源的年平均贡献率分别为:汽车尾气62%,汽油挥发9%,石油液化气10%,涂料6%,石油化工6%,未知源6%.对不同物种贡献的分析显示,环境大气中的乙烯、苯和甲苯等化合物主要来自于汽车尾气的排放,异戊烷来自于汽油的挥发,石油液化气、涂料、石油化工分别对大气中的异丁烷、正己烷和2,4-二甲基戊烷贡献量最大.     

Estimating the Unknown Components of Nutrient Mass Balances for Forestry Plantations in Mine Rehabilitation, Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia

Commercial forestry plantations as a postmining land use in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales, Australia are restricted by both the poor nutrient availability of mining substrates and low regional rainfall. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether municipal waste products and saline groundwater from coal mining operations could improve early tree growth without impacting on the environment through salt accumulation and/or nutrient enrichment and changes in groundwater quality. Potential impacts were investigated by quantifying the nutrient cycling dynamics within the plantation using an input–output mass balance approach for exchangeable calcium (Ca²⁺), exchangeable magnesium (Mg²⁺), exchangeable potassium (K⁺), exchangeable sodium (Na⁺), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Measured inputs to and outputs from the available nutrient pool in the 0–30 cm of the overburden subsystem were used to estimate the net effect of unmeasured inputs and outputs (termed “residuals”). Residual values in the mass balance of the irrigated treatments demonstrated large leaching losses of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na. Between 96% and 103% of Na applied in saline mine-water irrigation was leached below the 0–30-cm soil profile zone. The fate of these salts beyond 30 cm is unknown, but results suggest that irrigation with saline mine water had minimal impact on the substrate to 30 cm over the first 2 years since plantation establishment. Accumulations of N and P were detected for the substrate amendments, suggesting that organic amendments (particularly compost) retained the applied nutrients with very little associated losses, particularly through leaching.     

海河流域植物中碳的输出(或存留)量和土壤中的库存量

研究了海河流域地区植物中碳的输出量和土壤库存量。结果指出：不同作物－土壤系统中各种作物碳的输出量和归还量有很大不同,作物碳输出量一般为归还量的３－１７倍;海河流域地区不同子流域土壤中碳的库存量也有差异,以滹沱河子流域土壤碳的库存量最高,大清河子流域土壤中碳的库存量最低。     

氯苯类同系物共基质条件下相互作用研究

通过分析贡献因子的方法,研究氯苯类同系物在驯化污泥中同系物共基质条件下的耗氧速率,结果表明,氯苯类同系物共基质条件下存在的相互作用包括竞争,抑制、诱导及共代谢等,有机物间的相互作用受驯化污泥的影响较大,即使对于２种相同的有机物,经污泥不同,作用机制也不相同。     

环境保护产业产值与价值评价研究

环境保护产业的价值首先直接体现为可量度的环境保护产业的产值,由于环境保护产业具有全方位渗透特性,以往的环境保护产业产值统计难以全面完整地反映环境保护产业在国民经济中的产值贡献,环境保护产业应体现的价值远大于环境保护产业的产值。本文以环境保护产业的统计产值为基础,提出了基于产业关联渗透系数的环境保护产业产值评价模式;以及基于环境资源价值和环境保护产业产值权重放大系数的环境保护产业价值评价模式。     

近50年江苏省粮食产量变化的小波分析

粮食产量变化关系到国家和地区的粮食安全问题。以往对粮食产量变化的研究多集中在单时间尺度上,对多时间尺度的研究很少。以小波诊断技术为基础,对近50年江苏省粮食产量变化进行了多时间尺度的分析。研究结果表明：①近50多年江苏省粮食产量生产大致经历了5个阶段;②江苏省粮食产量变化具有明显的5年、13年和25年的特征时间尺度和相应的周期性变化特征;同时特征时间尺度有逐步增加的趋势,即江苏省的粮食产量变化渐趋稳定;③小波方差分析发现江苏省粮食产量变化具有13年和25年的主要周期,并以25年周期最为显著; ④综合三个时间尺度上小波系数的演变趋势发现,无论是大尺度还是小尺度上,在未来的一段时间内,江苏省都将进入新的一轮粮食减产时期。针对粮食产量变化的这一趋势,进行了原因分析,并提出相应的建议。     

气候变化研究的中国知识贡献及其影响局限

气候变化知识的不断深化和积累是全球气候治理的基础。政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)邀请全球有代表性的科学家,通过分析评估国际上正式发表的文献,提供关于全球气候变化科学进展的最新认识结论。本文基于文献计量学,通过统计中国在气候变化十大重要领域的科技成果产出量和影响力、中国政府和科学家对IPCC评估报告的参与以及中国大陆引文在IPCC第五次评估报告中的贡献,分析了中国对全球气候变化知识的贡献与局限。结果表明:近十年来,中国在气候变化大多数领域的科技成果产出量已居全球第二或第三位,但在海洋与气候变化、适应气候变化和全球气候治理领域的国际论文量明显落后;与美国和英国相比,中国气候变化科技成果的各类影响力指标明显偏低;中国对IPCC评估报告的参与度和影响力在不断提升,中国积极组织相关机构和专家参与IPCC评估工作,对全球气候治理起到了重要的科学支撑作用;但从IPCC第五次评估报告中国大陆引文的角度看,中国贡献仍整体偏弱,中国大陆引文的贡献呈领域分布不均衡,优势领域少,成果影响面窄的特点。与科学基础领域相比,中国在影响和适应、减缓和国际合作领域的科学贡献更弱,对全球视角关注不够,但中国大陆引文总体的国际科学合作活跃度较高。后巴黎时代,中国需要更加面向国家需求、气候公约和《巴黎协定》目标以及国际气候变化科技前沿,加强全球视野和原始创新,突出中国优势和特色,使气候变化的中国研究成果更多支撑全球气候治理进程的推进。