Seasonal changes in inorganic nutrient concentration in the alexandria western harbour (Egypt)

Surface and bottom water samples were collected on a monthly basis from six locations in the Alexandria Western Harbour between April 2002 and March 2003. Total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, reactive phosphate and silicate were analysed. The average content of total nitrogen ranged from 81.1 to 65.7?µmol?l^?1 in the surface and bottom waters, respectively, while ammonia ranged from 13.77 to 15.79?µmol?l^?1 in surface and bottom waters, respectively. Also, the average concentration of nitrite was relatively higher in surface waters than in bottom waters (0.89 and 0.61?µmol?l^?1, respectively). The results of this study also indicated a considerable temporal variation in nitrate concentrations which ranged from 1.12 to 13.83?µmol?l^?1. Total phosphorus displayed an irregular pattern throughout the year, ranging from 1.9 to 11.8?µmol?l^?1 in surface waters and from 1.7 to 9.1?µmol?l^?1 in bottom waters. The results of PO₄-P analysis showed higher values in surface waters (0.28–2.75?µmol?l^?1) than in bottom waters (0.10–1.70?µmol?l^?1). The average concentration of silicates was relatively lower in the surface than in the bottom waters (8.97 and 10.1?µmol?l^?1, respectively). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) among seasons and sites revealed significant differences for ammonia, total nitrogen and phosphate, while nitrate showed no significant differences among stations. Finally, silicate did not show any significant variance among sites and seasons (ANOVA, P?>?0.05).     

The Estuarine Component of the Us E.P.A.'S Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development has initiated the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to monitor status and trends in the condition of the nation's near coastal waters, forests, wetlands, agro-ecosystems, surface waters, deserts and rangelands. the programme is also intended to evaluate the effectiveness of Agency policies at protecting ecological resources occurring in these systems. Monitoring data collected for all ecosystems will be integrated for regional and national status and trends assessments. the near coastal component of EMAP consists of estuaries, coastal waters, and the Great Lakes. Near coastal ecosystems have been regionalized and classified, and an integrated sampling strategy has been developed. EPA and NOAA have agreed to coordinate and, to the extent possible, integrate the near coastal component of EMAP with the NOAA National Status and Trends Program. A demonstration project was conducted in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region (Chesapeake Bay to Cape Cod) in the summer of 1990. in 1991, monitoring continued in mid-Atlantic estuaries and was initiated in estuaries of a portion of the Gulf of Mexico. Preliminary results indicate: there are no insurmountable logistical problems with sampling on a regional scale; several of the selected indicators are practical and sensitive on the regional scale; and an efficient effort in future years will provide valuable information on condition of estuarine resources at regional scales.     

2000—2010年深圳湾及其邻近海域溶解无机氮的时空分布

依据2000—2010年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了深圳湾及邻近水域中溶解无机氮(DIN)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合现场盐度(S)、氨氮(NH3-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)和硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)实测数据探讨DIN的组成和来源.结果表明,深圳湾和伶仃洋东部沿岸多年平均DIN质量浓度分别为(2.445±1.841) mg·L-1和(0.517±0.366) mg·L-1.在深圳湾,DIN质量浓度的年内变化特征为丰水期较低,枯水期较高.在伶仃洋东部沿岸,DIN质量浓度的年内变化呈明显的年周期循环特征,夏季达到最高而冬季最低.11 a研究期间,伶仃洋东部沿岸DIN质量浓度略呈上升趋势;深圳湾DIN质量浓度在2000—2004年呈上升趋势,2005—2010年则呈下降趋势.各形态DIN质量分数的大小顺序从深圳湾内的NH3-N>NO3-N>NO2-N转变至湾外的 NO3-N>NH3-N>NO2-N.DIN 与 S 之间存在着显著的负相关,依二元混合质量平衡模式估算的伶仃洋东部沿岸 DIN的陆源质量分数约为77.9%,而深圳湾的都>92%.     

深圳湾及邻近水域中的溶解有机氮——其时空分布、来源和生物利用率

依据2000～2014年每月的监测资料,分析了深圳湾及邻近沿岸水域中溶解有机氮（DON）质量浓度的时空分布,并结合盐度、5d生物需氧量和颗粒有机物实测数据探讨DON的来源和生物利用率.结果表明,深圳湾中DON质量浓度为（0.45±0.45）mg/L,夏、冬季较高,春、秋季较低,在2000～2004年呈上升趋势,而在2005～2014年呈下降趋势;珠江口东南沿岸中DON质量浓度为（0.16±0.08）mg/L,季节变化小,研究期间总体上略呈上升趋势.深圳湾和珠江口东南沿岸中DON均呈现出保守并具有同源性.依二元混合质量平衡模式估算的深圳湾中DON陆源质量分数约为80%,而珠江口东南沿岸中约为38%,显示深圳湾DON主要来自陆源,而珠江口东南沿岸主要来自海源.依实测数据和回归分析结果估算的深圳湾中平均DON生物利用率为14.8%,而珠江口东南沿岸中为15.5%,与珠江口下段高盐区中实测溶解有机碳生物利用率相近.     

北运河上覆水DOM分子组成和结构特征

利用高分辨傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱技术(FT-ICR-MS)及分析手段综合表征了北运河上覆水中DOM分子组成和结构特征,揭示了DOM分子组成的迁移转化规律,并评估了DOM分子组成的潜在环境影响.结果表明:北运河上覆水DOM分子化合物主要由木质素(63.19%)和蛋白质(12.96%)组成.上覆水中稳定DOM分子公式主要由难降解木质素和不断循环且再生的基本代谢物及分泌物组成,独特DOM分子公式的多样性与人为活动强度有关,优先被转化或降解的相同DOM分子公式主要为携带高化学活性羧基和羟基的木质素和不稳定的脂质、蛋白质和碳水化合物.北运河具有外源废水输入量高的特点,致使上覆水具有大量不稳定DOM化合物,增加了河流富营养化的潜在风险.     

Combination of in vitro bioassays for the determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples

In this study we evaluated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters (15 samples), surface waters (28 samples) and potable waters (8 samples) with the SOS/umuC assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 and MTT assay with human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The genotoxicity of selected samples was confirmed with the comet assay with HepG2 cells. In the SOS/umuC assay 13 out of the 51 samples were genotoxic: two effluent samples from chemical industry; one sample of wastewater treatment plant effluent; two hospital wastewater samples; three river water samples and four lake water samples. Six samples were cytotoxic for HepG2 cells: both effluent samples of chemical industry, two wastewater treatment plant effluent samples, and two river water samples, however, only the chemical industry effluent samples were genotoxic and cytotoxic, indicating that different contaminants are responsible for genotoxic and toxic effects. Comparing genotoxicity of river and lake water samples with the chemical analytical data of the presence of the residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, UV filters and disinfectants) in these samples, indicated that the presence of UV filters might be linked to the genotoxicity of these samples. The results showed that the application of the bacterial SOS/umuC assay and mammalian cell assays (MTT and comet assay) with HepG2 cells was suitably sensitive combination of assays to monitor genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters and surface waters. With this study we also confirmed that the toxicity/genotoxicity bioassays should be an integral tool in the evaluation of toxicity of complex wastewaters before the release into environment, as well as for the monitoring of surface water quality, providing data useful in risk assessment.     

沉水植物生长期对沉积物和上覆水之间磷迁移的影响

分别在春季培养黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans),在冬季培养菹草(Potamogeton crispus),跟踪监测在沉水植物影响下环境因子的变化,及上覆水和沉积物各形态磷的浓度变化,以探讨沉水植物对磷在沉积物和上覆水中迁移转化的规律.结果表明,不同季节实验条件下沉水植物均能不同程度降低上覆水中各形态磷的浓度.在植物生长期上覆水磷浓度保持在相对较低的水平,黑藻、苦草和菹草组上覆水中总磷(TP)的浓度分别保持在0.03～0.05、0.04～0.12和0.02～0.11 mg.L-1.沉水植物组沉积物中各形态磷的浓度均呈现不同程度的降低,黑藻、苦草和菹草组沉积物TP的含量最大降低幅度分别为35.34、60.67和25.92 mg.kg-1.植物组上覆水溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)和pH均显著提高(DO 10.0～14.0mg.L-1;Eh 185～240 mV;pH 8.0～11.0),沉积物中Eh(-140～-23 mV)也明显提高,并使得沉积中pH保持在中性范围内(7.2～8.0).沉水植物通过提高上覆水中的DO、Eh和pH及沉积物Eh的方式影响上覆水和沉积物之间磷的迁移转化.     

珠江广州段水体、沉积物及底栖生物中的多氯联苯

对珠江广州江段水体、沉积物及底栖生物体内多氯联苯有机污染物进行了初步的调查研究.结果表明,广州江段7个样点水体中多氯联苯类有机污染物平均含量为2.3ng/L,各点含量无显著差异;沉积物中多氯联苯类有机污染物平均含量为31.52g/kg,各点有显著差异,其中以广州江段南航道y03样点最高,达65.31g/kg;底栖生物体内多氯联苯含量平均为181.77g/kg,其中也以y03样点最高,达317.37g/kg.多氯联苯在水体、沉积物及生物体3者之间存在明显的富集和放大作用.     

环境中景观水体的污染控制和修复技术

文章分析了环境中景观水体的特点及其水质污染状况,表明景观水体处理的必要性和迫切性.综述了近年来景观水体的污染控制和修复技术,并对其机理进行了简要介绍.提出城市景观水体污染控制的关键应将污水处理的常规生物处理技术与生态处理技术有效结合,以合乎城市生态建设的要求.     

城市地表水中肠道病原微生物与粪便污染指示菌的关系研究

本研究选择肠道病毒、伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌作为城市水体中典型的肠道病原微生物,分别建立起相应的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法.对水源水、景观娱乐用水以及城市河流样品进行长期监测,考察典型肠道病原微生物的分布特征和变化规律.肠道病毒在各地表水体中都有检出,浓度大都在103copy·L-1以下.大肠埃希氏菌的含量在保护良好的水体和接纳城市污水的水体中有明显差别,而伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌通常出现在受粪便污染较重的水体中.统计学的分析结果显示各种水体中的肠道病原微生物检出浓度均符合对数正态分布规律.粪便污染指示菌与肠道病毒之间不存在显著的相关性,但却能在一定程度上反映典型肠道病原菌的存在情况.在大肠菌群或粪大肠菌群浓度为104CFU·L-1以上的样品中,伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌具有较高的阳性率.