Investigation of the complexation of metal-ions by strong ligands in fresh and marine water

SCOPE: The detection and investigation of metal ions bound in strong complexes in natural waters is a difficult task, due to low concentration of the metal ions themselves, and also of the strong ligands, which, moreover, are often not of a well-defined composition. Here, a method is proposed for the investigation of the speciation of metal ions in natural waters. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: It is based on the sorption of metal ions on strongly sorbing ion exchange resins, i.e. complexing resins. For this reason the method is called Resin Titration. It has been shown in previous investigations that the concentration of metal ion totally sorbed by a particular resin, and its reaction coefficient in the solution phase in the presence of the resin, can be determined from the sorption data using a simple relationship. Here, a data treatment (the Ruzic linearization method) is proposed for also determining the concentration of the ligands responsible for the complex in equilibrium with the resin. RESULTS: The method was applied to data obtained by Resin Titration of a freshwater and a seawater. Copper(II) and aluminium(III) were considered, using Chelex 100 as a titrant, due to its strong sorbing properties towards these metal ions. The results were: the total metal concentration in equilibrium with the resin, the side reaction coefficients, and the concentration of ligands. In all these cases the ligands forming very strong complexes were found to be at concentration lower than that of the metals. CONCLUSION: The Ruzic linearization method allows the determination of the concentration of the ligands forming very strong complexes in equilibrium with Chelex 100. The reaction coefficient was better determined by the calculation method previously proposed for RT. The ligands responsible for the strong complexes were found to be at low concentration, often lower than that of the metal ions considered. The metal in the original sample is partly bound to these ligands, since the complexes are very strong. Only a part of the metal is linked to weaker ligands, or free.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bulk precipitation and surface waters of Northern Greece

Bulk (wet and dry) precipitation and surface water sampling was undertaken in the main plain of central Macedonia in Northern Greece. Fourteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) included in the US EPA's priority pollutant list were analysed. The concentrations determined in bulk precipitation were in general within the range of values worldwide reported. Concentrations were highest in the cold months. Deposition fluxes of PAHs were of the same order of magnitude as reported data. The greatest values were found when high concentrations of PAHs in precipitation coincided with large precipitation amounts. The concentrations of PAHs in surface waters (main rivers, tributaries, ditches, etc) were in general lower than those in bulk precipitation, and among the lowest reported for European rivers, excepting Np and Ph. Bulk deposition and domestic effluents are suggested as being the main PAH sources into surface waters.     

青岛近海夏冬季颗粒有机碳的分布特征

于2006年夏季(8月)和2006年冬季(12月)对青岛近海的悬浮体(TSM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)进行采样并测定。结果表明,青岛近海夏季POC的质量浓度范围为0.15~1.04 mg/L,平均值为0.31 mg/L,冬季POC的质量浓度范围为0.089~0.88 mg/L,平均值为0.27 mg/L。夏季高于冬季,但变化不大。青岛近海夏季POC质量浓度的平面分布具有东北部海域高,西南部海域低的分布趋势,其平面分布与叶绿素a的平面分布基本相似,夏季POC由生物活动控制。冬季POC质量浓度的平面分布呈现近岸高,远岸低,等值线基本与海岸线平行的分布特征,其平面分布与TSM的平面分布相似,冬季POC由TSM控制。夏季和冬季,浮游植物对POC的贡献分别为26.9%和4.10%,青岛近海以碎屑有机碳为主。POC的周日变化明显,夏季由生物活动控制,冬季由潮汐控制。     

长江口滨岸水和沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征与生态风险评价

通过测定长江口滨岸9个典型采样点上覆水与表层沉积物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平,分析其组成、时空分布特征及其影响因素,并进行了生态风险评价.结果显示,枯季上覆水中PAHs浓度高于洪季,平均浓度分别为1 988 ng/L和1 727ng/L;表层沉积物中的PAHs也为枯季高于洪季,平均浓度分别为1 154 ng/g和605 ng/g;Phe是水和沉积物中PAH的主要成分.温度是控制上覆水中PAHs季节性差异的主要因素,而有机碳(OC)与碳黑(SC)则控制着沉积物中PAHs的富集;长江口滨岸复杂的水动力条件与各种人类活动产生的污染物输入影响了PAHs的空间分布,在一定程度上也导致了河口滨岸PAHs来源的复杂性.生态风险评价结果显示,长江口滨岸水-沉积物间的PAHs在一定程度上可能对该区生物造成潜在不利影响.其中,上覆水中个别PAH化合物的浓度水平已达到欧美等国生态毒理评价标准或超过了美国EPA水质标准,BaP浓度超过了我国地表水环境质量标准的规定浓度;表层沉积物中部分PAH化合物的含量超过了ER-L值和ISQV-L值.     

南海海域重要养殖水域牡蛎体中的腹泻性贝类毒素

对2006年和2007年南海海域23个重要养殖水域牡蛎体中腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)进行了调查,结果表明:甲子港、唐家湾、镇海湾、安埔港、防城港、八所港和榆林港等7个水域牡蛎体DSP毒性呈阳性结果,占调查水域的30.4%,其DSP值均为0.05MU/g.2006年牡蛎体DSP检出率为8.7%(n=23),2007年为21.7%(n=23).调查期间,牡蛎体DSP检出值0.05MU/g已达到了FDA(美国食品药物管理局)、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、朝鲜等6个国家食用贝类标准警戒限量水平,和超出了我国<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量>规定贝类DSP不得检出标准,表明了近期南海海域某些养殖水域的牡蛎已经受到了DSP毒化的威胁.     

Understanding the synchronisms and anachronisms of the Columbia River Treaty in relation to the principles of international water law

Based on the theory of the politics of international law and the hermeneutic theory for international relations, this paper aims to demonstrate how the history and contextual changes within the Columbia River Basin have affected the underlying principles of the Columbia River Treaty with those of international water law.     

广东东部重要渔业水域叶绿素变化特征的研究

根据1997年8月至2003年5月对粤东近海重要渔业水域生态环境研究的资料,对叶绿素的含量、组成和季节变化进行了分析讨论。结果表明,广东东部近海的叶绿素平均含量6.45mg/m3,其中柘林湾水域的叶绿素含量最高(9.12mg/m3),大亚湾水域的含量最低(3.61mg/m3)。考洲洋、珠江口水域叶绿素含量有季节/年度差异;大亚湾、红海湾水域叶绿素含量的季节差异较小。叶绿素a是叶绿素的主要组分,占60%～80%,叶绿素b、c分别占7%～24%和6%～19%。研究水域的叶绿素含量和季节变化与营养盐、水体的温盐等理化因子的变化有关,而叶绿素组成的变化与浮游植物的生长状况、群落结构以及环境条件的变化有关。     

粤西海域浮游植物种类的动态变化及多样性

根据1998～1999年4个航次粤西海域浮游植物的调查资料，分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、季节变化和平面分布特征，并对浮游植物的多样性水平进行了初步评价。结果显示，调查期间共鉴定浮游植物267种，其种类组成以细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis)的数量最多，占总数量的29．5％，其次为短角弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)，占21．8％。不同季节浮游植物的优势种即有交叉又有演替。根据多样性阈值的评价，粤西海域绝大部分沿岸水域的浮游植物均处于多样性差或一般水平，而离岸水域基本处于多样性丰富或非常丰富水平。     

深圳湾及邻近水域总溶解磷的来源和时空分布

依据2000~2012年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了深圳湾及邻近沿岸水域中总溶解磷(TDP)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合现场盐度和溶解无机磷(DIP)实测数据探讨TDP的组成和来源以及DIP和溶解有机磷(DOP)之间的转化.结果表明,深圳湾和珠江口东南部沿岸TDP质量浓度分别为(0.26±0.22)和(0.05±0.02)mg/L.研究期间,珠江口东南部沿岸TDP质量浓度的年内和年际变化不大,趋势平稳.在深圳湾,由于受到周边陆源排放的影响,TDP质量浓度在丰水期较低,枯水期较高,且在2000~2004年呈上升趋势,从0.24mg/L上升至0.33mg/L, 而在2005~2012年则呈下降趋势,从0.33mg/L下降至0.16mg/L.研究海区中的TDP具有“保守性”,主要来自陆源排放.依二元混合质量平衡模式估算的珠江口东南部沿岸TDP的陆源质量分数约为53.9%,而深圳湾的均大于80%. TDP的赋存形态从河口的以DIP为主逐渐转变至近外海的以DOP为主,可能暗示磷从河口向海迁移期间,复杂的生物地球化学过程使DIP转化为DOP的速率大于DOP转化为DIP的速率.     

太湖中颗粒有机碳对水体固有光学特性的影响

利用2011年5期太湖现场测量数据和室内分析数据,通过建立ρ(POC)(POC为颗粒有机碳)与a_p(λ)(颗粒物吸收系数)、b_bp(510)(总颗粒物的后向散射系数)的相关关系,评价了POC对水体固有光学特性的影响. 结果表明,太湖水体ρ(POC)时空变化显著,各期样品平均值在1 558.06~5 281.09 mg/m3之间变化. ρ(POC)与a_p(λ)具有较好的相关关系,特别是在浮游植物色素强烈吸收的波段(605~700 nm),各期数据的相关系数均在0.9以上;但ρ(POC)与b_bp(510)的相关性较差(R2=0.04, P=0.02). 进一步分析ρ(POC)对颗粒物的色素部分和非色素部分的影响发现,ρ(POC)与色素颗粒物吸收系数〔a_ph(665)〕的相关性很好(R2=0.82),而与非色素颗粒物吸收系数相关性较差. ρ(NPOC)(NPOC为非有机碳颗粒物)与b_bp(510)的相关性较好(R2>0.60),说明太湖水体POC对浮游植物色素的吸光特性有重要影响,而NPOC影响了水体的后向散射特性.