Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L^-1) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS^-1) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV+ PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

国内电炉钢发展现状与应用前景

通过电炉铜与转炉铜能耗对比,突显了电炉钢的节能与环保优势,同时介绍了国内外电炉钢应用现状。随着社会工业化的发展所带来的钢铁积蓄量的增加,以及电炉钢技术的不断完善和发展,加之迎合国家低碳经济政策的实施,国内电炉钢发展具有广阔前景。     

Dissolution behavior of metals from particulate matter emissions

Exposure to air particulate matter (PM) is linked to numerous health effects. In order to improve the understanding of the role of its metallic components, their solubility was examined by using serial short-contact dissolutions totalling 1?h and additional sequential contact periods of 1, 4, and 8 days. The dissolution experiments were performed in solutions containing the main biological electrolytes. ICPMS determinations were used to quantify the dissolved metals. The total compositions were determined after closed vessel microwave digestion. Large variations in the rate and completeness of the dissolutions were observed. Fast and extensive dissolutions within the short-contact time (e.g., Zn, Cd) as well as slow dissolutions persisting during the last contact period (e.g., Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb) were found for smelting emissions. The multi-element determinations also made it possible to identify relationships between dissolution of different metals and define gradual composition changes of residual PM. When comparing with dissolutions performed in de-ionized water, similar major fractions were observed at short-contact time for minor components of smelting or combustion emissions (e.g., V, Ni, Cd), suggesting a preponderance of easily available forms at the surface of the relatively inert particle cores. The use of these time sequential methods may help in (1) modeling metal partitioning in biological media and (2) investigating the causes of adverse effects attributed to air PM.     

Electrochemical degradation of Acid Red I dye and its treatment by UV light

Degradation of Acid Red I (ARI) dye by electrochemical treatment and UV light irradiation was studied in this work. The effect of the current density and the concentration of NaCl and dye on the decoloration and degradation efficiency were studied and optimized. The UV irradiation was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and chemical oxygen demand. The kinetic constants for decoloration and degradation were calculated. Degradation of 86% was achieved in 160?min and the first-order kinetic constant was 0.013?min^?1. Degradation products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The mechanism for the degradation of ARI was proposed.     

四氨基钴酞菁催化产生活性氧的性能

四氨基钴酞菁作为一种有前途的可见光催化剂,可光敏化为三线态,与溶液中的O2反应产生活性氧.实验考察了反应过程中的光照时间、光敏剂质量、光照强度和pH等4个因素对活性氧产生的影响,同时确定了一种简单可行的检测方法:活性氧与卡巴肼(DPCI)反应,生成卡巴腙(DPCO),以苯-四氯化碳萃取,在563 nm处测其吸光度,从而表示出活性氧的相对产量.实验优化了四氨基钴酞菁催化产生活性氧的条件:于50 mL的溶液中,光照时间为25 min,光敏剂质量为5 mg,光照强度为60 W,pH值为4.同时证明了在反应体系中生成了自由基和单线态氧等活性氧,并且对光催化产生活性氧的机理进行了探讨.     

水铝钙石类阴离子黏土在水污染处理领域应用的研究现状

水铝钙石(Hydrocalumite)是一种阴离子黏土,又称"弗里德尔盐"(Friedel’s Salt),属于层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),可通过多种低成本方法人工合成.水铝钙石的层间阴离子具有可交换性,且在一定温度范围内焙烧时所获产物在水溶液中具有层状结构可恢复性,因此在水污染和固体废物处理领域有很大应用价值,已被用于水中B(OH)4-、SeO24-、CrO24-、MoO24-、Zn2+等无机组分和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、甲基橙(MO)、酸性大红(GR)等有机组分的去除实验研究,以及粉煤灰等典型固体废物在填埋前的预处理研究.水铝钙石类阴离子黏土对水中有害组分的去除效果受到离子种类和性质、溶液pH、去除产物溶度积常数等多种因素的影响,所涉及去除机理包括离子交换、溶解-沉淀、表面吸附等.当前利用水铝钙石去除水污染的研究基本局限于实验室研究阶段,并在严格控制的实验条件下进行,因而今后应加强其处理实际受污染水体和原生劣质水的实验研究,并尝试作为填充材料在可渗透性反应墙(PRB)等水污染原位处理装置中加以应用.     

Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of copper on growth and oxygen consumption by the postlarvae of Penaeus indicus

The aim of this study was to assess the toxic impact of copper on postlarvae (PL) of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus indicus. Tolerance, growth, oxygen consumption and metal accumulation were investigated in these PL on exposure to copper. Tolerance studies were conducted for 96 h to assess the tolerance limits of P. indicus PL exposed to different concentrations of copper using static renewal bioassay tests. Using the Probit method, the regression equation was calculated as Y=0.4899+2.3562 X, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9707. The 96 h LC₅₀ was 0.8204 ppm. The effect of sublethal (one-fifth of 96 h LC₅₀) copper on PL for short- and long-term exposures revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption, metabolic rate, mean length, wet and dry weight of the exposed PL over their respective controls which can be attributed to a gradual and time-dependent accumulation of the metal, as noticed in the exposed PL through accumulation studies. Overall, the data suggest that on chronic exposure even sublethal concentrations of copper can reduce the metabolic rate and growth in P. indicus PL. This is perhaps the first attempt to use the wild P. indicus PL as a bioindicator of copper toxicity.     

Thermodynamic investigation of the effect of oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential upon generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins

The thermodynamic equilibrium of the C‐H‐O‐Cl system has been calculated to elucidate the generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins, and is discussed from the viewpoint of the oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential. The dioxins behavior is greatly dependent on the oxygen potential, i.e. higher temperature and oxygen potential lead to the complete decomposition of dioxins, while low hydrogen chloride potential under insufficient oxygen condition leads to an increase of multi‐chlorine displacement of dioxins.     

活性氧参与多壁碳纳米管诱导的RAW264.7细胞毒性

碳纳米管以其独特的结构和性能,在生物医药和电子等领域广泛应用,而其生态安全性也成为科学界关注的焦点。为探究多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)诱导的细胞毒性机制,将小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)暴露于6个浓度梯度(0、25、50、100、150和200μg.mL-1)的MWCNTs中,应用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定细胞存活率,用2’,7’-二氯荧光素二乙酸(DCFH-DA)荧光染色法测定细胞内活性氧的生产量,用流式细胞方法测定MWCNTs对细胞周期的影响。同时使用抗氧化剂氮乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)验证MWCNTs诱导的细胞氧化损伤的作用机理。结果显示,MWCNTs对RAW264.7的细胞毒性呈剂量依赖性。暴露于不同浓度的MWCNTs(25、50、100、150和200μg.mL-1)下24h后,细胞活力分别为对照的74%、62%、59%、51%和45%。MWCNTs对RAW264.7的周期阻滞作用主要发生在G0/G1期。200μg.mL-1的MWCNTs处理3h后活性氧较对照组上升6.6倍。NAC对MWCNTs细胞毒作用有明显的抑制作用,且NAC能减弱MWCNTs对RAW264.7的细胞周期阻滞作用。研究表明,活性氧能够介导MWCNTs对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的损伤,并且MWCNTS通过细胞周期G0/G1期的阻滞,诱导细胞凋亡。     

慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)根系泌氧特征

借助高精度溶解氧微电极,研究了自然沉积物中慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)根不同部位的泌氧能力差异以及光照对根系泌氧能力的影响。结果表明,慈姑根系不同部位的泌氧能力存在差异,光照和黑暗条件下根区氧气扩散层厚度由大到小依次为1/2根长(0.98、0.72 mm)、3/4根长(0.68、0.28 mm)、根尖(0.58、0.44 mm)和1/4根长(0.42、0.32 mm);光照条件下不同根长部位根表面溶解氧含量由大到小依次为1/2根长〔64.56%(以%空气饱和度计)〕、3/4根长(52.73%)、根尖(38.55%)和1/4根长(20.55%),这与根部泌氧屏障、通气组织发育程度和根组织呼吸代谢有关。无论有无光照,慈姑根均有泌氧产生,光照条件下根表面溶解氧含量和根区氧气扩散层厚度均高于黑暗条件;在光照和黑暗条件下1/2根长处根表面溶解氧含量均显著高于其他测定点(P<0.05);除1/2根长处以外的其他测定点,在光照条件下的根表面溶解氧含量差异显著(P<0.05),但在黑暗条件下趋于相同(P>0.05)。