Equipment failures and their contribution to industrial incidents and accidents in the manufacturing industry

Accidental events in manufacturing industries can be caused by many factors, including work methods, lack of training, equipment design, maintenance and reliability. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of failures of commonly used industrial equipment, such as machines, tools and material handling equipment, to the chain of causality of industrial accidents and incidents. Based on a case study which aimed at the analysis of an existing pulp and paper company's accident database, this paper examines the number, type and gravity of the failures involved in these events and their causes. Results from this study show that equipment failures had a major effect on the number and severity of accidents accounted for in the database: 272 out of 773 accidental events were related to equipment failure, where 13 of them had direct human consequences. Failures that contributed directly or indirectly to these events are analyzed.     

造纸污泥应用于人工速生桉培肥地力的资源化策略研究

造纸污泥是一种富含氮磷和有机质养分的有机废物,其中的养分资源可循环应用在速生桉培肥地力工程上.客观剖析了生物质能产业发展背景下,中国南方地区人工速生桉存在的环境生态效应,提出轮伐期缩短和忽视对有机肥的补充是造成当前速生桉地力退化严重的主要原因.基于现状,提出将造纸污泥好氧发酵无害化处理后,生产桉树专用有机肥,可最大化循环利用造纸废物养分资源,推进"林-纸-泥"一体化循环发展模式;提出资源化策略配套的发展资金和政策支持建议.     

Application of compost of two-phase olive mill waste on olive grove: Effects on soil,olive fruit and olive oil quality

Composting is a method for preparing organic fertilizers that represents a suitable management option for the recycling of two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) in agriculture. Four different composts were prepared by mixing TPOMW with different agro-industrial by-products (olive pruning, sheep manure and horse manure), which were used either as bulking agents or as N sources. The mature composts were added during six consecutive years to a typical “Picual” olive tree grove in the Jaén province (Spain). The effects of compost addition on soil characteristics, crop yield and nutritional status and also the quality of the olive oil were evaluated at the end of the experiment and compared to a control treated only with mineral fertilization. The most important effects on soil characteristics included a significant increase in the availability of N, P, K and an increase of soil organic matter content. The application of TPOMW compost produced a significant increase in olive oil content in the fruit. The compost amended plots had a 15% higher olive oil content than those treatment with inorganic fertilization. These organics amendments maintained the composition and quality of the olive oil.     

Complexation parameters of heavy metals by olive mill wastewater determined by a cation exchange resin

Abstract

Complexing parameters in aqueous systems containing heavy metals and wastewater from olive‐oil mill (WOM) have been estimated using a cation exchange resin method. The parameters estimated were the maximum complexing ability (MCA), the stability constant (Kc) and a parameter indicating the stoichiometrical characteristics of the complex (a).

MCA of WOM for Cu, Zn, Pb and Mn was 0.470, 0.314, 0.068 and 0.300 mmol (g WOM)^‐1 respectively, and was related with the ionic radii of the various metal ions. The log Kc values followed the sequence: Cu>Pb>Zn>Mn in agreement with their respective electronegativities. In the case of Cu and Pb, data obtained here was compared with that determined in other work.     

聚硅硫酸铝(PASS)的制备及其实际应用

以硅酸钠、硫酸铝及氢氧化钠等为原料,将硅酸钠在碱性条件下预聚,然后在快速搅拌下加到硫酸铝水溶液中,用氢氧化钠等碱性物质与混合液聚合而形成聚合铝硅混凝剂(PASS)。这种混凝剂在处理微污染饮用原水、富营养化湖水及再生纸生产废水时有较好的去除效果,具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于人工神经网络的造纸废水处理动态仿真

研究了人工神经网络对废纸造纸废水处理过程动态仿真的可行性,采用误差反向传播网络(BP网)建立了表征原水COD、加药量、进水流量、历史出水COD与预计出水COD之间复杂关系的动态模型,并对不同训练方法进行了比较,发现带有动态调整的方法具有较好的效果,其模型的计算输出值与过程的实际输出值具有较好的一致性.对造纸厂现场排放的废水的实验表明,该模型可用于废纸造纸废水处理的动态描述.     

欧版磨粉机在脱硫石灰石制粉中的应用

环保脱硫工艺中的脱硫剂大都为石灰石粉，石灰石粉的品质、细度及粒径分布是影响脱硫效果的关键性因素之一，而选择合适的石灰石粉制备的工艺和装备则对整个脱硫过程起着至关重要的作用；本文重点介绍了欧版磨粉机制备脱硫石灰石粉的技术特点及其在环保脱硫石灰石制粉中的应用。     

Cleaner production: a case study of Kaveh paper mill

The pulp and paper industry is under increasing pressure to reduce its energy consumption and impact on the environment. The ‘Cleaner Production’ (CP) approach has been widely utilised as a tool to meet environmental concerns by industry. However, because of the high initial capital cost of CP implementation, it is important to develop a model for prioritisation. In this paper, using analytic hierarchy process methodology, a tree-level hierarchy model was structured to facilitate the prioritisation process in the Kaveh Papermaking Company located in Iran. Using a literature review and field study, the proposed model can provide a framework for CP implementation in a paper factory. The results show that process change gives higher priority between 5 criteria and that repair of all leaks in the paper-making process gives higher priority between 35 sub-criteria. Process change was further evaluated and discussed in which input material changes gained higher priority. The results of this research can be used to accelerate the implementation of CP in Iran's pulp and paper industry.     

中国废纸回收利用行业发展路径及政策探讨

2012和2013年的废纸市场让很多企业一筹莫展,全球经济不振,国内需求不足,产能过剩,直接影响了造纸行业的生产和销售,作为原料供应商的废纸回收利用行业,必然受到连带影响,整个产业进入低迷阶段.除了外部经济环境的影响,行业内部应该如何调整,产业政策又该怎样引导行业健康发展,将是未来需要持续探讨的课题.     

Recycling and consumption in Germany and Japan: a case of toilet paper

This paper compares the recycling attitudes of consumers in Germany and Japan, based on our nationwide questionnaires. We analyzed consumption behavior as well as recycling behavior in narrow sense, because it is important to study the former to see how the supply of recycled materials is balanced with the demand, particularly in Japan which exports little recycled materials. Toilet paper was adopted as a specific good for study, because consumers have options of buying virgin products and recycled products. It was found that German households pay for waste collection specifically and have higher recycling rates than Japanese households. On the other hand, similar figures in German and Japanese consumers were observed with regard to consumption of recycled products. Their purchasing criteria and preference on virgin and recycled products of toilet paper were examined by self-report and blind test with 2×2 experimental design for toilet paper (German versus Japanese, virgin versus recycled). Blind test showed that people prefer domestic and virgin products in both countries. Half of respondents rating virgin products guessed that the products contained recycled material. For Japanese, the material of the sample toilet paper, made from virgin pulp, seems to be a more determining factor than the nationality of products, i.e. made in Japan. On the other hand, for Germans, the domestic nature seems to be a more dominant factor than the material, i.e. made from virgin material. Canonical discriminant analysis in conjunction with logistic regression based on self-reporting data detected the characters ‘multiplied’, ‘appearance’ and ‘brand’ as major factors making the difference in preference between the two countries. The possible reasons causing the similarity and dissimilarity between the two countries are discussed with reference to the background history.