基于T-P模型的高低温环境型煤对甲烷吸附性能预测

为预测深部或浅部煤层不同温度和不同压力条件下的吸附等温线,选用型煤以高低温试验装置为依托,测试了温度为293.15,273.15,253.15 K的吸附等温线。基于T-P模型,利用等温吸附曲线对公式中的参数进行了合理的求解,探讨了一种简单的煤对瓦斯吸附等温线预测方法。研究表明:同一吸附平衡压力下,温度越低,煤的瓦斯吸附量越大;ε－ω吸附特征曲线与温度无关,呈现对数的形式;参数m和拟合度R2满足抛物线的关系,存在拟合效果最好时的参数m值。采用T-P模型预测得到的吸附等温线与实测的吸附等温线无论是趋势还是定量结果均十分吻合,其相对误差不超过5%。     

Optimization of thermal performance of the parabolic trough solar collector systems based on GA-BP neural network model

The aim of this paper is to optimize the thermal performance (system output energy, thermal efficiency, and heat loss of cavity absorber) of parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) systems in order to improve its thermal performance, based on the genetic algorithm-back propagation (GA-BP) neural network model. There are a number of undefined problems, fuzzy or incomplete information and a complex thermal performance of the PTC systems. Therefore, the thermal performance prediction of the PTC systems based on GA-BP neural network model was developed. Subsequently, the metrics performances have been adopted to comprehensively understand the algorithm and evaluate the prediction accuracy. Results revealed that the GA-BP neural network model can be successfully used to predict the complex nonlinear relationship between the input variables and thermal performance of the PTC systems. The cosine effect has a great influence on the thermal performance; thereby the geometrical structure of the PTC systems was optimized. It was found that the optimized geometrical structure was beneficial to improve the thermal performance of the PTC system. In conclusion, the GA-BP neural network model has higher prediction accuracy than the other algorithm and it can be feasible and reliable.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

长江上游流域大洪水天气分型特征分析

通过对1981~2012年24例长江上游流域大洪水过程进行普查,发现影响长江上游大洪水强降水过程的天气系统主要为:巴湖槽东移型、贝湖槽稳定型和东北冷槽型。采用统计、诊断及合成分析方法,对3种不同天气类型的大尺度环流背景、主要影响系统及致洪降水发生机理进行研究,并总结其特点及差异。结果表明:3种类型大洪水的洪水特征及降水特征各不相同,大尺度环流背景及天气系统也有所差异。副高及500hPa中高纬环流形势异常是导致强降水发生的直接因素,西南涡、冷暖式切变线及冷空气在不同的类型洪水降水中作用各不相同,异常气旋性环流场、水汽输送方向及水汽通量辐合区与强降水的位置密切相关。     

Heat loss analysis: An approach toward the revival of parabolic dish type solar cooker

Present work investigates a noble approach toward the heat loss analysis of parabolic dish type solar cooker. Various experiments have been done on cooking pot to get the input parameter for calculation purposes. Cooking pot was kept at the focus of a parabolic dish type concentrator and repeated experiments have been done to measure solar radiation intensity (direct and Indirect) using a pyrometer, temperature at the focus of parabolic dish using a thermocouple and air velocity using hot wire anemometer to investigate the heat losses from the cooking pot. In the present article, a numerical approach has been performed to define the new parameter called performance index of the cooking pot which decides how the useful energy of working fluid inside the cooking pot approaches concentration ratio of the parabolic dish type solar cooker. The present analysis shows that the performance index varies from 15.45 to 17.66 and efficiency varies from 85.83% to 98.10% with the time of the day.     

波浪槽模拟海况检验消油剂的乳化性能

采用波浪槽模拟海浪的运动状况,研究了波浪对消油剂清除海面溢油的作用,检验了海环牌1号消油剂海上使用的乳 化率性能,阐明了消油剂在波浪作用下的乳化分散规律。     

Experimental investigation into different selectively coated receivers and silver-coated selective surface compound parabolic reflector using regression modelling for industrial heating

The paper explores the experimental results of the prototype compound parabolic trough made of mild steel and silver-coated selective surface. This prototype has been tested with top cover. The performance of the collector has been evaluated with two kinds of receivers coated with three types of black coatings. First receiver is of copper coated with black copper, second receiver is of mild steel coated with black copper and third receiver is of copper coated with black zinc. From actual field experiments, it has been observed that the efficiency of the system achieved with copper receiver coated with black copper is comparatively higher than the other two types of receivers. A simple regression analysis is used to correlate the thermal performance parameters of the system.     

石漠化治理下重庆酉阳典型岩溶槽谷区不同坡向地下水时空变化特征

岩溶槽谷区独特的地质背景制约着地下水的空间分布和赋存规律,探究槽谷区地下水动态变化对石漠化治理具有重要意义。本文以重庆酉阳龙潭槽谷为例,在2017～2019年对槽谷地下水进行动态监测和采样分析,探究石漠化治理下典型岩溶槽谷不同坡向地下水时空变化规律。研究表明,槽谷区地下水对环境变化敏感,石漠化治理过程中不同程度农业活动直接影响着地下水水化学动态特征。强降雨期间,逆层坡坡面流全Fe、Al~(3+)浓度峰值分别为1.3 mg/L、2.0 mg/L,是逆坡岩溶泉全Fe、Al~(3+)浓度的13倍,表明轻度石漠化的逆层坡水土流失严重。逆层坡地表物质和土壤颗粒难以直接进入地下含水层,顺层坡雨水将地表或残留在裂隙、溶隙或管道等含水介质中的土壤颗粒或土壤营养元素迁移至水文系统中,土壤肥力下降。从空间上,顺逆坡石漠化裸岩出露差异所致的汇流机制、土层厚度和植被状况造成了顺逆层坡在"二水"转化上存在差异,对研究区地下水的时空变化有重要影响。     

奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程气体排放规律及养分损失原位监测

为探究奶牛粪便翻堆式与槽式堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气(NH3)排放规律及养分损失情况,采用原位监测的方法,通过静态采气箱和气体在线监测设备,分别对奶牛粪便翻堆式和槽式堆体开展为期36 d的气体监测.结果表明,翻堆式堆肥过程中甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和NH3排放主要集中于翻堆阶段;槽式堆肥过程中CH4和NH3排放...     

岩溶槽谷石漠化治理区表层泉水化学特征研究:以重庆酉阳泔溪花椒基地老泉为例

背斜型岩溶槽谷区石漠化治理的关键之一是要厘清地下水资源动态变化特征,尤其要开展在线高分辨率连续动态监测。本文以重庆酉阳龙潭岩溶槽谷石漠化治理区老泉监测站为例,采用PONSEL多参数自动记录仪现场测定和样品室内分析相结合的方法,研究老泉2017年完整水文年的季节和强降雨期间的水化学动态特征,利用主成分分析法探究季节尺度和强降雨期间老泉水化学组分的主要来源。结果表明：（1）在季节尺度上,受雨水稀释作用的影响,雨季泉水pH、电导率、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-、Mg²⁺低于旱季;土壤受淋溶作用的影响,泉水K⁺、Na⁺、全Mn、Al³⁺、全Fe浓度雨季高于旱季;水化学变化主要受4个主成分影响,累计贡献率为85.53%,但主导要素是水岩作用及土壤元素流失;（2）强降雨期间,石漠化背景下泉水水化学指标对降雨响应迅速,但在植被不同生长状态下各指标差异明显;典型的两次强降雨过程中水化学变化都主要受4个主成分影响,累计贡献率分别为85.63%和85.40%,但主导要素是农业活动和土壤元素流失;（3）花椒树种植后泉水中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-质量浓度较高,且硫酸和硝酸参与岩溶作用过程并对老泉水质造成重要影响。因此,背斜型岩溶槽谷表层泉水化学特征的监测研究,对于槽谷石漠化治理区水资源高效利用具有重要现实意义。