石油石化行业急性中毒事故的现场抢救

石油石化行业工艺复杂,存在的有害因素种类繁多,一旦发生急性中毒其涉及面广、影响大,有时可造成严重危害。文章较为详细地介绍了该行业存在的主要有毒物质以及发生急性中毒事故的必要条件和特点,阐述了有毒物质侵入人体的途径主要为直接接触或通过呼吸,最后针对一般情况、吸入性中毒、直接接触造成危害的情况介绍了相应的现场急救处理措施。     

钢网壳抗火非线性有限元分析

通过两种方式研究钢网壳的抗火性能,其一是对火的分析及单个构件的抗火力学性能分析;其二是对钢网壳结构进行抗火分析,以结构具有一定的抗火时间为标准,通过模拟预测实际火灾特性和结构的非线性有限元分析,求得直到倒塌时的结构抗火全过程响应,从而确定结构的抗火性能及临界温度。并通过一个实际的算例进行了结构的倒塌分析,得到了一些结论,从而对其实际抗火能力有一个理性的了解和认识,为经济、科学的结构综合防火设计提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of Mass-Transfer Coefficient of Free Fall – Cascade-Aerator

The mass-transfer coefficient of a free-fall cascade-aeratorunit of 15 million litres per day was evaluated for its efficiency in the removal of a class of volatile organics, the trihalomethanes(THMs). These compounds are carcinogenic and occur as a resultof chlorination of natural waters. Due to the volatile nature ofthe THMs, the efficiency of aeration as a potential techniquefor their removal has been studied. The principle behindaeration is gas-transfer, according to which the gas-liquidinterface is hypothesized to consist of a gas and liquid filmthrough which gas is transferred by molecular diffusion untilequilibrium is attained. The overall mass transfer coefficient(K _L) of the aerator considering oxygen as the reference compound, was found to be29.3 hr^-1 for THMs.     

Changing Approaches to Mountain Watersheds Management in Mainland South and Southeast Asia

Mountain watersheds, comprising a substantial proportion of national territories of countries in mainland South and Southeast Asia, are biophysical and socioeconomic entities, regulating the hydrological cycle, sequestrating carbon dioxide, and providing natural resources for the benefit of people living in and outside the watersheds. A review of the literature reveals that watersheds are undergoing degradation at varying rates caused by a myriad of factors ranging from national policies to farmers' socioeconomic conditions. Many agencies—governmental and private—have tried to address the problem in selected watersheds. Against the backdrop of the many causes of degradation, this study examines the evolving approaches to watershed management and development. Until the early 1990s, watershed management planning and implementation followed a highly centralized approach focused on heavily subsidized structural measures of soil conservation, planned and implemented without any consultation with the mainstream development agencies and local people. Watershed management was either the sole responsibility of specially created line agencies or a project authority established by external donors. As a consequence, the initiatives could not be continued or contribute to effective conservation of watersheds. Cognizant of this, emphasis has been laid on integrated, participatory approaches since the early 1990s. Based on an evaluation of experiences in mainland South and Southeast Asia, this study finds not much change in the way that management plans are being prepared and executed. The emergence of a multitude of independent watershed management agencies, with their own organizational structures and objectives and planning and implementation systems has resulted in watershed management endeavors that have been in complete disarray. Consistent with the principle of sustainable development, a real integrated, participatory approach requires area-specific conservation programs that are well incorporated into integrated socioeconomic development plans prepared and implemented by local line agencies in cooperation with nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and concerned people.     

Conflict and engagement: An empirical study of a farmer-extension partnership in a sustainable agriculture program

Stakeholder engagement is a crucial concept of extension education. Engagement expresses democratic values of the land-grant mission by providing opportunities for stakeholders to influence program planning, including setting the agenda and negotiating resource allocations. In practice, the concept of engagement guides the formation of partnerships among extension, communities, industry, and government. In the area of sustainable agriculture, however, stakeholders may conflict, presenting challenges to the engagement process. Results from a study of a Canadian sustainable agriculture program, produced using cultural anthropology and participatory action research, detail challenges of the engagement process that led to reconstruction of a farmer-extension partnership. Notable in the early phase of the reconstruction process were critical reflection, stakeholder forums, exclusion through caucusing, and coalition building. An argument for a neopragmatist view provides a theoretical basis for understanding counterintuitive dimensions of engagement revealed by the study.     

Concentrations,Cumulative Exposure and Critical Levels of Ozone in Ireland

Concentrations of tropospheric ozone(O₃) and exceedance of critical levels to vegetationhave been investigated and mapped for Ireland. Hourlyozone concentration data (1995–1997) at 7 sevenmonitoring stations and the CORINE landcover database,supported by a Geographical Information System, wereused. AOT40 (Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold of 40ppb) was calculated for daylight hours for each station,and mapped using surface interpolation. Average O₃concentrations vary from year to year, and were estimatedto be 28 ppb, 26 ppb and 24 ppb for 1995, 1996 and 1997respectively. Ozone concentrations show a large diurnalvariation, with a maximum in the afternoon and a minimumat night-time. The critical level for crops and (semi-)natural vegetation was exceeded in all years examined.The highest exceedance occurred in 1995, where thecritical level was exceeded for almost 35% of the mappedarea. Approximately 15% and 1% of the mapped area wasexposed to exceedance levels during 1996 and 1997respectively. The maximum cumulative exposures (AOT40)were approximately 5000, 3890 and 3230 ppbh in 1995, 1996and 1997 respectively. The critical level for forests wasnot exceeded during the period of investigation.     

降雨作用下坡面侵蚀的水动力机理

降雨作用下的坡面侵蚀不仅导致严重的水土流失,同时也可能诱发严重的重力地质灾害如滑坡、泥石流等.研究其发生发展的机理以及内部理论规律对减灾防灾具有至关重要的作用.文章以水动力学公式为基础,从坡面颗粒侵蚀的水分环境角度入手,分析了浸泡状态下松散颗粒和固定颗粒的侵蚀机理,揭示降雨作用下坡面水流与坡面颗粒间的相互作用关系,并给出各类型侵蚀发生所对应的临界降雨强度.最后,通过实例计算验证了理论的合理性.     

黄土边坡坡面冲刷的临界坡度

边坡坡面冲刷存在一个临界坡度,边坡坡度接近临界坡度,冲刷量最大。通过能量守恒原理,建立了临界坡度的计算公式,它与边坡坡长以及降雨强度和坡面的粗造程度存在一定的函数关系。通过实例分析了临界坡度和单级坡高的确定,理论分析与工程实践基本一致,说明理论分析是合理可行的。     

腐蚀损伤对典型铝合金结构疲劳寿命的影响研究

目的研究严酷服役条件下飞机结构的寿命衰减问题。方法以飞机关键结构模拟件为研究对象,基于编制的某机场环境加速试验谱进行当量加速腐蚀试验,采用MTS810材料试验系统进行预腐蚀后的疲劳试验。结果通过对试验结果的分析,确定了关键结构疲劳寿命腐蚀影响系数与腐蚀损伤尺寸之间的对应关系。结论关键结构腐蚀损伤宽度与疲劳寿命腐蚀影响系数相关性最好。     

我国自然生态系统氮沉降临界负荷评估

过量的氮沉降引起了一系列环境问题并导致生物多样性损失,因此评估当前生态系统氮沉降临界负荷对区域氮管理及其污染控制至关重要.利用稳态质量平衡法估算了当前我国自然生态系统的氮沉降临界负荷,并与氮沉降数据对比,获取了我国超过氮沉降临界负荷的生态系统空间分布情况.结果表明,6%的地区氮沉降临界负荷大于56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,67%的地区氮沉降临界负荷在14～56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1之间,27%的地区氮沉降临界负荷小于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.氮沉降临界负荷较高的区域主要分布在青藏高原东部、内蒙古东北部和南部部分地区.氮沉降临界负荷较低的区域主要分布在青藏高原西部、西北地区和东南部分地区.氮沉降超过临界负荷的区域约占我国的21%,主要分布在东南和东北部分地区.东北、西北和青藏高原地区超临界负荷值普遍低于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.因此,未来这些超过氮沉降临界负荷地区的氮素管理和控制更为值得关注.