Concept for cost effective improvement of river morphology in the context of the European Water Framework Directive

The EU Water Framework Directive calls for cost effective measures to achieve a “good status” in all European ground, surface and coastal waters. Besides eutrophication, the degradation of hydromorphology is the main reason for failing this objective. In this paper, we conceptualise the interactive decision support process BASINFORM-M for finding proper locations for river restoration. The concept combines the recently proposed “stepping stone approach” from aquatic ecology with elements from cost effectiveness analysis, multi-criteria analysis and participatory approaches. BASINFORM-M exemplifies a shift away from the isolated restoration of single river reaches towards a consideration of functional relationships within river networks.     

HACCP方法在军用危险品储运管理中的应用

针对军用危险品储运安全所面临的严峻形势,将危害分析和临界控制点(HACCP)方法的预防性管理思想应用在军用危险品的储运管理中。在对某军用危险品仓库储运作业流程分析的基础上,得出各个环节的潜在危害,依据危害对储运安全的影响程度,确定作业中的关键控制点及控制限值。最后针对各个作业环节的潜在危害和关键点,提出预防危害的措施。基于HACCP方法的军用危险品储运管理体系,实现对储运作业各个环节关键点的有效控制,为部队在该领域的安全管理提供了新的思路,具有普遍的应用价值。     

Exploring the Links Between Science, Risk, Uncertainty, and Ethics in Regulatory Controversies About Genetically Modified Crops

Just as a stream of genetically modifiedcrops looked set to be approved for commercialproduction in the European Union, the approvalprocedure appears to have become bogged down onceagain by disagreements among and within member states.Old controversies have resurfaced in new forms. Theintractability of the issues suggests that theregulatory procedure has had too narrow a focus,leaving outside its boundary many of the morefundamental aspects that cause people in the EuropeanUnion most concern. Regulators have come underconsiderable pressure to ensure their risk assessmentdecisions are soundly science-based. Ethical issueshave been deemed to lie beyond the scope of theregulatory procedure, as a matter to be consideredseparately by professional ethicists. Yet it has beensuggested that all environmental controversies at rootinvolve disputes about fundamental ethical principles.This paper examines how the ethical issues arecurrently suppressed or sidelined. It discusses how anappreciation of systems thinking and a check on thevalues that underpin decisions, using boundary testingquestions, might contribute to a more constructiveregulatory dialogue, with ethical issues considered asintegral in a way that takes better account ofpeople's concerns.     

基于复杂网络的内河船舶碰撞事故致因分析

为了探明内河船舶碰撞事故致因内在联系,基于船舶碰撞事故调查报告,从人-机-环-管视角构建事故致因复杂网络模型。运用“2-4”模型从人-机-环-管视角识别和提取事故致因,采用事故树方法分析调查报告中碰撞事故过程,提取内河船舶碰撞事故致因链,利用复杂网络理论融合多事故致因链,构建包括36个节点、123条边在内的事故致因网络,计算致因网络拓扑特征参数,定量分析内河船舶碰撞事故致因之间相互作用。研究结果表明：疏忽瞭望、错误估计碰撞危险、安全管理不到位、船员不适任、船与船通信信息不足、未及时行动是内河船舶碰撞事故的关键致因。同时,内河船舶碰撞致因网络是1个无标度网络,且具有小世界特性,表明事故致因之间连锁效应明显,管控上述关键致因可有效预防碰撞事故。研究结果可为预防内河船舶碰撞事故、提高内河航运管理水平提供参考。     

牛顿法计算Sarma法边坡安全系数

根据Sarm a法的基本假定即条块侧面与底面抗剪强度按同一比例调用,将斜条块侧面的推力分解为分别与摩擦力和凝聚力有关的2个分量,由条块力的平衡条件,推导出更为简洁的隐含安全系数的条块推力递推方程。为了加速收敛,采用牛顿法迭代法计算安全系数,并推导出计算中所需有关导数的解析表达式。同时,利用所得推力递推方程重新推导出了临界地震加速度系数Kc的显式表达式,该式与原始的Sarm a法等效,但形式上更为简明且便于应用。算例表明,本文的改进的Sarm a法算法收敛迅速,迭代3~5步即可达到工程所需精度,计算结果与经典算例Sarm a法解答及塑性力学理论解均非常接近。     

高温厌氧消化污泥的培养试验研究

在试验室半连续装置中培养高温厌氧消化污泥,以中温厌氧污泥作为种泥,中温启动运行一段时间后,再逐步升温,经过100d运行可达到高温厌氧消化运行的良好状态。整个试验过程中无需人为调节碱度,pH值比较稳定。45℃以下,升温对厌氧消化系统的扰动比较小,之后继续升温至48℃,厌氧消化系统不稳定。认为45～48℃可能存在着中温和高温厌氧消化的临界温度,在这一温度下,中温细菌可能会大量死亡,但是不适合高温菌生长或对应着较低的生长速率。     

Linking Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Planning and Threats Analysis

Abstract:  The existence of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone makes it clear that marine ecosystems can be damaged by terrestrial inputs. Marine and terrestrial conservation planning need to be aligned in an explicit fashion to fully represent threats to marine systems. To integrate conservation planning for terrestrial and marine systems, we used a novel threats assessment that included 5 cross-system threats in a site-prioritization exercise for the Pacific Northwest coast ecoregion (U.S.A.). Cross-system threats are actions or features in one ecological realm that have effects on species in another realm. We considered bulkheads and other forms of shoreline hardening threats to terrestrial systems and roads, logging, agriculture, and urban areas threats to marine systems. We used 2 proxies of freshwater influence on marine environments, validated against a mechanistic model and field observations, to propagate land-based threats into marine sites. We evaluated the influence of cross-system threats on conservation priorities by comparing MARXAN outputs for 3 scenarios that identified terrestrial and marine priorities simultaneously: (1) no threats, (2) single-system threats, and (3) single- and cross-system threats. Including cross-system threats changed the threat landscape dramatically. As a result the best plan that included only single-system threats identified 323 sites (161,500 ha) at risk from cross-system threats. Including these threats changed the location of best sites. By comparing the best and sum solutions of the single- and cross-system scenarios, we identified areas ideal for preservation or restoration through integrated management. Our findings lend quantitative support to the call for explicitly integrated decision making and management action in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.     

次临界操作下的膜污染机理研究

临界通量在膜污染控制的水动力学条件优化中是一个非常有意义的概念。本研究用一种新型的中空纤维膜组件过滤活性污泥混合液 ,采用通量阶式递增法对临界通量进行测定 ,实验表明 ,气水二相流是一个提高临界通量非常有效的方法 ,而且临界通量随着曝气强度的增大而增大 ,根据测定结果 ,可以得出膜生物反应器 (MBR)的 3个水动力学操作区 :超临界区、临界区和次临界区。次临界操作可以防止颗粒物质在膜面上沉积引起的可逆污染 ,在次临界操作下 ,膜污染分为两个阶段 ,第一阶段为不可逆污染发展阶段 ,跨膜压力 (TMP)发展缓慢 ;第一阶段膜的不可逆污染导致膜丝点通量不断的重分配 ,一旦出现膜丝上某一点的通量大于临界通量时 ,颗粒物质就以此点为突破口 ,不断沉积到膜丝表面 ,发生可逆污染 ,膜污染进入第二阶段 ,TMP急剧增加。     

基于混凝土循环剥落的隧道火灾损伤数值模型研究

为研究混凝土高温剥落对隧道衬砌火灾损伤的影响,在现有隧道结构非线性瞬态热—力耦合有限元模型基础上,提出1种在火灾高温条件下混凝土发生剥落的循环算法,以模拟火灾下衬砌结构截面面积的损失,并引入混凝土临界剥落温度的概念,得出基于混凝土循环剥落的隧道衬砌火灾损伤数值模型建立流程。利用该模型对某隧道衬砌结构进行火灾损伤模拟,并与试验结果进行对比验证。结果表明:火灾下隧道混凝土衬砌结构内逐渐增大的热应力是导致普通混凝土高温剥落的主要原因;可将衬砌受火面是否达到临界剥落温度作为隧道发生高温剥落的充分条件进行火灾损伤分析;模型求解所得的数值模拟结果与现场火灾试验数据基本吻合,验证了其可行性;混凝土高温剥落与否对衬砌结构等效温度应力有较大影响,在隧道衬砌结构抗火性能分析过程中应尽量考虑混凝土高温剥落造成的影响。     

The Country,the City,and the Corporation: Rio Tinto Kennecott and the Materiality of Corporate Rhetoric

Contributing to extant discourses about corporate environmental advocacy, this paper argues that corporations can embed discursive rhetorical strategies in material places and spaces. This argument contributes to environmental communication by bridging divisions between discursive and materialist approaches to corporate rhetoric. Corporate materiality is realized in the study of Rio Tinto Kennecott (RTK) at places of corporate community where RTK enunciates a dominant environmental discourse about the necessity of the Bingham Canyon Mine through strategies such as the technological shell game, the hypocrite's trap, and corporate heterotopia, which are made manifest materially alongside cultural values such as epistemic trust, technological progress, community, and home. Using participatory critical rhetoric as a methodology, I analyse RTK's material rhetoric at the Natural History Museum of Utah, the Rio Tinto Soccer Stadium, and the Daybreak suburban community. This case study reveals that corporations are assemblages that assert many different, and sometimes competing, arguments that can deflect environmental criticism, materially.