安全控制技术──用“控制论”研究重大工业危险源

首次将“控制论”中过程控制的理论与方法应用于重大工业危险源的安全控制，提出了“安全通道”和“事故临界状态”的概念，它不停留于对危险源的认识上（安全评价），而是针对危险源可能发生的灾难性事故采取切实有效的解决办法，是防止事故的最具成效的研究方法。本方法主要适用于大型、连续化生产的工业对身，用以防止重大事故。     

Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速计算模型

临界风速是Y型合流分岔隧道能否有效抑制烟气侵入分岔支路的重要参数。为确定Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速计算公式,对影响Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速的相关因素进行量纲分析,推导出临界风速与火源热释放率、主分隧道高度比、连拱长度及隧道分岔夹角这4个因素的无量纲函数关系式。通过数值模拟得到临界风速最大的火源位置,并对上述4个影响因素进行了量化分析。结果表明:火源距分岔段隧道洞口15～25 m时临界风速最大;当无量纲火源热释放速率小于0. 3时,隧道临界风速与火源热释放率呈现1/3次方关系,当无量纲火源热释放速率大于0. 3时,隧道临界风速不再随火源热释放速率增加而增加;临界风速与分岔隧道高度比近似成-3/10次方关系,与分岔夹角成-3/40次方关系,而与连拱长度无关。进而得到分岔隧道临界风速的无量纲计算模型,且与数值模拟结果吻合良好。     

基于污染物临界粘附力的超滤动态过程的CFD模拟

针对膜污染的动态变化问题,通过计算流体力学(CFD)手段建立了中空纤维膜的二维轴对称模型,综合考虑了污染物间粘附力及水流剪切力的影响,提出有效剪切应力的概念,在模型中耦合了变形几何、自由多孔介质流动及稀物质传递3种物理场,将污染物法向积累、切向有效剪切与污染物界面处的网格速度相关联,建立了膜面污染物截留的动态模型.依据死端过滤与错流过滤的实验数据,确定出模型的匹配参数.在此基础上,研究了不同进给方式(连续流与脉冲流)对膜面污染物的影响.模拟结果表明,当水流剪切力足以克服污染物的临界粘附力时,可对膜面污染物起冲刷作用;与连续流相比,脉冲流具有更高的有效剪切速率,在对膜面污染物的冲刷作用方面更具优势.     

黄土高原关键带土壤水分空间分异特征

地球关键带是人类生存和发展的关键区域。关键带发生的一系列物理、化学和生物过程与人类活动密切相关。土壤水分是黄土高原关键带的关键要素,同时又是黄土高原植被恢复与生态环境重建的决定因子。为揭示黄土高原关键带土壤水分的空间分异特征,采用网格(50m×50m)布点,雨季结束后采集0~500cm深度土壤样品,结合室内分析,结果表明:黄土高原小流域中73个样点0~500cm的土壤含水量分布范围介于1%~23%之间,降水对0~100cm土层的土壤水分补充明显;土壤水分在水平和垂直方向都表现出明显的空间异质性,在不同方向上的水分控制过程有所不同,是对土地利用方式、植被类型、地形要素、土壤质地等多因素综合响应的结果。充分理解关键带土壤水分空间的分异规律及其主控因素有助于该区小流域综合治理中的植被建造与布局,也有助于对该区土壤水文和生物地球化学过程的理解。     

Polyphonic environmental planning processes: establishing conceptual connections between procedural and recognition justice

By drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of polyphony, this paper theorises polyphonic environmental planning processes. It argues that Bakhtin's vision of polyphony reveals new insights about the nature of inclusive and transformative environmental planning processes that align and contrast with existing traditions of participatory planning. The polyphonic environmental planning processes are theorised as having two criteria: difference and relationship. The conditions needed to satisfy these criteria are explained through procedural and recognition justice accounts. The paper intervenes in the ongoing scholarly discussion about the ethical base of contemporary planning theories by suggesting that the polyphonic construction of environmental planning processes will have implications on the form and content of these processes. In terms of the form, the polyphonic environmental planning processes imply the creation of an inclusive, dialogical space. In terms of the content, recognising the intrinsic value of otherness will alter the self–other relationship.     

A critical discussion of research on the social acceptance of renewable energy generation and associated infrastructures and an agenda for the future

Social sciences’ research on the social acceptance of renewable energy generation and associated technologies (RET), such as high voltage power lines, has been growing in the last decades. In fact, while RET are considered one of the main mitigation measures of climate change, opposition to their construction, and namely from the local communities living nearby, is often found. Important conceptual proposals have been made for a better understanding of opposition, however, this literature still presents some limitations. Here, I will discuss two of them: first, the main focus on the local and, with it, the lack of a relational and critical approach, which recognizes opposition and other types of responses to RET as public participation in RET-related issues; second, the focus on the individual and the consequent lack of examining people’s material practices and engagements.     

考虑结构特性的化工事故关键致因网络分析*

为揭示化工事故发生机理,考虑事故链中因素的因果关系与事故网络的结构特性,基于复杂网络研究化工事故的关键致因因素,以事故案例中因素与结果为网络节点,因素间的因果关系为边,建立化工事故网络模型,分析网络中节点的度值、结构洞,构建化工事故凝聚网络,分析凝聚节点之间的因果关系。结果表明:在化工事故网络中存在8种致因因素,人的不安全行为与环境的不安全状态占比高达87.5%。通过结构洞分析可有效找出网络中具有较强影响力的潜在致因因素;通过凝聚网络分析,人的不安全行为致使设备的不安全状态与环境的不安全状态连接比例高达29%,存在显著的因果关系。     

Resolving Critical Habitat Designation Failures: Reconciling Law, Policy, and Biology

Abstract:  The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires designation of critical habitat concurrent with species listing. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service often has not designated critical habitat, based on the legal exceptions in the ESA of "not prudent" or "not determinable." This lack of habitat designation has led to numerous lawsuits and court orders to designate critical habitat for listed species. Court-mediated implementation of critical habitat is costly and delays listing for at-risk species. Legal, policy, judicial, and biological issues all contribute to the current inability of the law as enforced to lead to timely and cost-effective critical habitat designation. Although increased appropriations and delaying critical habitat designation until recovery planning have been proposed as solutions, we find that it will be essential to change the critical-habitat guidelines to a decision-analysis framework to make critical habitat scientifically and legally workable as a conservation tool.     

Testing the validity of a critical sulfur and nitrogen load model in southern Ontario, Canada, using soil chemistry data from MARYP

The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition.     

硒对烤烟的生态毒理效应及临界指标研究

通过营养液水培试验，研究了不同浓度Se对烤烟生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b、类胡萝卜、SOD、POD和MDA活性的影响。Se胁迫下的烟株生长受到抑制，浓度越高，抑制效应越明显；低浓度Se对烤烟叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜含量有促进作用，并提高烟株体内活性氧防御体系，使MDA酶含量下降；高浓度Se则对其有抑制作用，对活性氧防御体系产生胁迫效应，MDA上升，SOD、POD酶活性下降；相关分析表明，除MDA呈极显著正相关外，其余均呈极显著负相关。MDA含量变化为Se胁迫烤烟生长的最敏感生理指标。