次临界膜通量下膜污染研究

针对膜生物反应器运行中膜污染问题,利用"逐级通量法"测定了膜组件的临界通量,并考察了次临界通量下膜污染的运行特性.试验发现,膜污染发展分为缓慢发展阶段和快速发展两个阶段.采用清水冲洗加次氯酸钠和盐酸溶液浸泡的方法能有效减少膜过滤阻力,去除率达到94 %.同时,阻力构成分析表明泥饼和凝胶层是膜污染的主要组成部分,分别占到总阻力的57%和31%,而新膜清水阻力仅占3.86%.     

土壤重金属环境质量评价基准体系探讨

在概述国内土壤环境质量标准存在的问题的基础上,分析了国外土壤环境质量标准/指导值发展趋势,提出了我国土壤环境质量的三级标准体系,即:背景值标准、筛选值标准、有效态污染临界值标准,并据三级标准体系和各重金属的单项污染指数,把土壤环境质量分为七个等级:清洁、轻度玷污、中度玷污、重度玷污、轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染,用七种警示色来表示不同的污染程度,为我国土壤环境质量标准的修订提供借鉴.     

高梁种子萌发成苗过程中水分需求的量化研究

用渗透势不同的聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）６０００模拟外界环境水分条件，对高梁不同品种的种子在萌动、萌发及成苗３个阶段水分需求的量化研究表明：种子的抗旱性随吸水进程的推进而减弱，种子在萌动、萌发及出士成苗的时间（ｔ）与外界环境水势（ｗ）之间存在着１／ｔ＝ａ＋ｂｗ的关系，据此推算不同品种在不同成苗阶段的需水阈值，发现不同品种在同一成苗过程中对环境水分条件的反应不同，抗旱性也不同．     

1961-2006年东北地区农业气候资源变化特征

应用1961-2006年中国东北三省72个气象台站的气象资料,统计分析了东北三省稳定农耕期、生长期及积温、降水量、日照时数农业气候资源的变化特征,结果表明:研究期间,东北三省平均农耕期、生长期分别延长了2.4 d·10 a^-1、2.3 d·10 a^-1;经Mann-Kendall检验,农耕期长度、生长期长度分别在1988年、1992年发生突变。46 a东北三省积温表现为一致的增多趋势,降水量、日照时数呈减少趋势。分析比较突变年前后两个时段的农业气候资源变化,农耕期、生长期平均积温高值区向东、向北扩展;农耕期降水量高值区、低值区面积萎缩,中值区向东南方向扩张,生长期降水量中高值区面积减少;农耕期平均日照时数呈现高值区、低值区面积减少,而生长期日照时数呈现高值区、低值区面积增大的特点。     

酸沉降临界负荷研究中的不确定性

从临界负荷的定义,所选用的指示生物及其化学临界值,目前所运用的研究方法,实测资料的缺乏等方面讨论了临界负荷研究中存在的不确定性,指出目前应用于酸沉降临界负荷研究中的稳态和动态模型的模拟能力学很有限,有待进一步完善和发展。     

生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷及其研究进展

生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷是制订合理高效氮、硫排放削减方案的关键,因此受到了科学家和政治家的广泛关注．本文综述了当前国内外有关生态系统酸沉降临界负荷的研究进展及研究中的一些关键问题,最后提出当前研究中存在的问题及对未来研究的展望。     

火源功率与隧道阻塞比对临界风速变化规律影响研究

临界风速是隧道进行通风排烟设计的重要参数,为了研究火源功率、隧道阻塞比对临界风速变化规律的影响,采用PyroSim火灾动力学模拟工具与经验公式对比分析的方式。建立隧道缩尺寸模型,并对模型网格尺寸划分进行可靠性校验,发现网格尺寸为火源特征直径的十分之一时最可靠。结果表明:模拟临界风速与理论临界风速相吻合,临界风速随火源功率的增加而增大,当火源功率大于某范围时,临界风速开始趋于稳定;临界风速受到列车对隧道阻塞作用的影响,临界风速随着隧道横截面阻塞比的增加而呈线性减小,在阻塞比达到40%时,临界风速趋于稳定。     

Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China

The increasing interest in environmental conservation is a global phenomenon. In many countries, natural reserves or protected areas (PAs) have been established to restrict human activities and to enhance natural ecosystems, which potentially benefit the planet as a whole. However, this often demands some sacrifices from local residents who may have to give up resources they rely on or suffer losses caused by wildlife. This issue potentially becomes aggravated in densely populated areas where many people and economic activities are impacted. This paper presents research findings on poverty issues in a newly established national natural reserve in China, Hengshui Lake Natural Reserve. The paper addresses the characteristics of poor households in the reserve and the interaction between these families and the reserve. In addition, poverty alleviation measures are analysed and additional measures to reduce poverty and conflicts between the reserve and local residents are recommended.     

After the flames then what? exploring the linkages between wildfires and household food security in the northern Savannah of Ghana

ABSTRACT

This study deploys the livelihoods theory in political ecology together with integrated methods including remote sensing, participatory geographic information systems, interviews and focus group discussions to explore the intricate and dynamic linkages between perennial wildfires and household food insecurity among smallholder farmers in the northern savannah zone of Ghana. Our results suggest that wildfires are a major pathway to household food insecurity in two ways, as perceived by the farmers. First, in instances where wildfires destroy the major crops of smallholders, they are unable to find enough food for the lean season which results in transitory food insecurity. Secondly, in the long term, the environmental impacts of wildfires on the soil lead to lower yields and inadequate food to meet household nutritional needs. Farmers then deploy certain strategies such as early-harvesting and switching to early-maturing crops to avoid with the perennial fires and these strategies further reinforce other dimensions of food insecurity such as nutrition insecurity. Because livelihoods strategies such as crop farming, hunting, charcoal production and herding intersect in the northern savannah zone, we recommend policy options that will engage community members in finding common ways of using shared spaces sustainably. Government should also adopt policies that will encourage domestication of certain livelihood strategies such as cattle herding.     

系统安全风险描述研究

从安全风险研究角度系统描述部件状态、部件状态向量、系统状态、风险和风险矩阵、风险分类、系统状态风险、风险状态集、风险状态概率、风险转移概率、临界状态、关键部件和风险重要度,对系统安全风险有了更加全面深刻而准确的呈现,得到基于部件状态向量的系统安全风险描述,给出系统处于低中高风险的概率、风险转移临界集和安全风险重要度的计算方法。