铝合金微电偶腐蚀机理与数值模拟研究进展

综述了铝合金微电偶腐蚀在机理研究和数值模拟两方面的研究进展,针对独立微电偶的腐蚀机理表征、多元微电偶空间随机分布相互作用规律、结构/载荷因素与铝合金微电偶腐蚀驱动力间的竞争机制等3个方面进行了展望,期望为铝合金微电偶腐蚀研究提供方向参考。     

A~2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺处理低C/N比生活污水脱氮除磷

以低C/N比实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了A2/O-曝气生物滤池生化系统的脱氮除磷特性.同时,考虑到A2/O工艺的主要功能是除磷及反硝化,而曝气生物滤池则以硝化为目的.因此,通过缩短A2/O的泥龄,可将硝化过程从A2/O中分离出去,让曝气生物滤池完成硝化,实现硝化菌和聚磷菌的分离,并解决了硝化菌和聚磷菌泥龄之间的矛盾.试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步去除.在平均C/N比为4.2,内回流比R为250%的条件下,平均进水COD、TN、TP分别为239.9、57.3和5.1mg·L-1,平均最终出水COD、TN、TP分别为34.1、13.3和0.1mg·L-1,去除率分别为85.8%、76.9%和98.3%.曝气生物滤池对氨氮几乎保持了100%的去除率.序批试验表明,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为40.5%.     

太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化

针对2005年8月、11月及2006年2月,5月太湖31个采样点的水样,测定了其中黄质(chromophoric dissolved organic matier)和颗粒物的吸收系数.通过次氯酸钠漂白法及数值分离法,将颗粒物吸收系数分离为藻类颗粒物及非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数,并对2种结果进行了比较.同时分析了太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化.结果表明,水体中的绝大部份光合有效辐射能量主要由黄质和非藻类颗粒物所获取,对夏季的400～473nm、秋季的400-461nm、冬季的400～476nm、春季的400～569nm的能量而言,黄质的吸收贡献大于非藻类颗粒物;而在其余波段中,非藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献相对较大.藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献谱在490nm、676nm左右处存在2个主峰区,620nm左右处存在一次峰区,且该次峰在夏、秋季尤为明显,春季次之,冬季最小.藻类的吸收贡献也呈现出较为明显的季节特征,夏季吸收贡献最大达到22.1%,平均为16.4%;秋季最大为18.4%,平均为13.1%;春季最大为15.1%,平均为9.7%;冬季最大为10.1%,平均为6.8%.由于太湖颗粒物的吸收系数主要由非藻类颗粒物决定,因而用次氯酸钠漂白法从中提取藻类颗粒物的吸收系数会造成较大的误差,而改进的数值分离法在此基础上有了一定的提高.     

2007年春节期间北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM10和PM2.5样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM2 5样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测.春节期间大气颗粒物中PM10和PM2 5夜间平均质量浓度为232 ug·m-3和132 ug·m-3,分别高于白天的PM10(194ug·m-3)和PM2.5(107ug·m-3);除夕后颗粒物日平均质量浓度为252.3 ug·m-3(PM10)和123.8ug·m-3 (PM2.5),分别高于除夕前的166.7 ug·m-3(PM10)和106.8 ug·m-3(PM2.5);同时夜间PM2.5中多17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的总浓度都高于相应白天的总浓度,且除夕前多环芳烃日均总浓度为95.9 ng·m-3,高于除夕后的58.9 ng·m-3.结果表明,除了受一定的气象条件的影响外,大量燃放烟花爆竹会对大气颗粒物浓度有影响.但对大气中的多环芳烃影响不大,而春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少削减了排放到大气中的PAHs.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别北京PAHs主要以燃煤为主、交通为次的混合局地源污染.     

APPLICATION OF THE GREEN-AMPT INFILTRATION EQUATION TO WATERSHED MODELING1

ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed, based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation, to computed rainfall excess for a single precipitation event. The model requires an estimate of parameters related to hydraulic conductivity, wetting front section, and fillable porosity of the soil layers. Values of parameters were estimated from soil textural averages or regression equations based on percent sand, percent clay, and porosity. Average values of effective porosity and wetting front suction were largely acceptable due to the relatively low variability and low model sensitivity to the parameters. Hydraulic conductivity was the most erratic constituent of the loss rate computation due to the high variability and the high sensitivity of the computed infiltration to the parameter. The performance of the Green-Ampt infiltration model was tested through a comparison with the SCS curve number procedure. Seven watersheds and 23 storms with precipitation of one inch or greater were used in the comparison. For storms with less than one inch of rainfall excess, the SCS curve number procedure generally gave the best results; however, for six of the seven storms with precipitation excess greater than one inch, the Green-Ampt procedure delivered better results. In this comparison, both procedures used the same initial abstractions. The separation of rainfall losses into infiltration, interception, and surface retention is, in theory, an accurate method of estimating precipitation excess. In the second phase of the study using nine watersheds and 39 storms, interception and surface retention losses were computed by the Horton equations. Green-Ampt and interception parameters were estimated from value sin the literature, while the surface retention parameter was calibrated so that the computed runoff volumes matched observed volumes. A relationship was found between the surface retention storage capacity and the 15-day antecedent precipitation index, month of year, and precipitation amount.     

Neutralization of interleukin-11 attenuates silica particles-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in vivo

Environmental exposure to crystalline silica particles can lead to silicosis, which is one of the most serious pulmonary interstitial fibrosis around the world. Unfortunately, the exact mechanism on silicosis is unclear, and the effective treatments are lacking to date. In this study, we aim to explore the molecular mechanism by which interleukin-11 (IL-11) affects silica particles-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. We observed that IL-11 expressions in mouse lungs were significantly increased after silica exposure, and maintained at high levels across both inflammation and fibrosis phase. Immunofluorescent dual staining further revealed that the overexpression of IL-11 mainly located in mouse lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Using neutralizing anti-IL-11 antibody could effectively alleviate the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and fibrotic proteins (i.e., collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase-2) induced by silica particles. Most importantly, the expressions of IL-11 receptor subunit α (IL-11Rα), Glycoprotein 130 (GP130), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were significantly increased in response to silica, whereas blocking of IL-11 markedly reduced their levels. All findings suggested that the overexpression of IL-11 was involved in the pathological of silicosis, while neutralizing IL-11 antibody could effectively alleviate the silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting the IL-11Rα/GP130/ERK signaling pathway. IL-11 might be a promising therapeutic target for lung inflammation and fibrosis caused by silica particles exposure.     

薄板超塑性胀形的金属流动分析

分别在板厚均匀变薄和板厚呈线性规律变化两种假设的基础上 ,对薄板超塑性胀形过程中金属的变形规律及质点流动进行了分析 ,导出了变形前、后 ,质点点位的对应关系式 ,并与受内压薄壁球壳的均匀胀形作了比较     

裂变产物170Tm的体内蓄积特性诱发骨髓细胞突变效应研究

对裂变产物~(170)Tm的体内蓄积特性和诱发细胞突变效应的监测结果表明,当机体摄入~(170)Tm后,在短时间内即能迅速进入并滞留于骨组织中,其滞留量占体内各器官组织中的首位呈现高度选择性亲骨特征,在机体摄入~(170)Tm后的不同阶段,骨组织中的累积吸收剂量随着观察时间的延长而增升,其诱发骨髓细胞的染色体畸变率亦相应增高。由~(170)Tm内污染所诱发的染色体结构异常为染色单体型畸变,其中主要为染色单体断裂。随着骨组织中累积吸收剂量的增升,可观察到在一个细胞中同时有两个畸变发生,也诱发个别的染色体易位。     

日光辐射对大气真菌粒子的影响

大气中真菌粒子的衰亡和净化，除与真菌自身的因素有关外，与日光辐射也有密切关系。此文现场观测了日光辐射对大气真菌粒子的影响。结果表明，一天内大气真菌粒子浓度与日光辐射强度呈反比：大气真菌粒数直径中值与日光辐射强度呈正比：随着日光辐射强度的增大，＜３．０μｍ的大气真菌粒子，其浓度减小的速度比＞３．０μｍ的快。     

Monodisperse amino-modified nanosized zero-valent iron for selective and recyclable removal of TNT: Synthesis, characterization, and removal mechanism

Nitroaromatic explosives are major pollutants produced during wars that cause serious environmental and health problems. The removal of a typical nitroaromatic explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), from aqueous solution, was conducted using a new recyclable magnetic nano-adsorbent ([email protected]₂NH₂). This adsorbent was prepared by grafting amino groups onto [email protected]₂ particles with a well-defined core-shell structure and demonstrated monodispersity in solution. The removal performance of the nano-adsorbent towards TNT was found to be 2.57 and 4.92 times higher than that towards two analogous explosives, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 2-nitrotoluene (2-NT), respectively, under neutral conditions. The difference in the removal performance among the three compounds was further compared in terms of the effects of different conditions (pH value, ionic strength, humic acid concentration, adsorbent modification degree and dosage, etc.) and the electrostatic potential distributions of the three compounds. The most significant elevation is owing to modification of amino on [email protected]₂ which made a 20.7% increase in adsorption efficiency of TNT. The experimental data were well fit by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, indicating multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. The experimental results and theoretical considerations show that the interactions between [email protected]₂NH₂ NPs and TNT correspond to dipole-dipole and hydrophobic interactions. These interactions should be considered in the design of an adsorbent. Furthermore, the adaptability to aqueous environment and excellent regeneration capacity of [email protected]₂NH₂ NPs makes these remediation materials promising for applications.