纳滤膜处理含锰废水

采用纳滤膜处理电解锰生产过程中产生的含锰废水,考察了操作压力、阻垢剂和反冲洗等因素对膜通量和各金属离子截留率的影响。实验结果表明:操作压力越大,膜通量越大,且膜通量随运行时间延长下降得越快;在操作压力为2.0 MPa的条件下,纳滤膜对Mg2+的截留率为90.69%,对Mn2+的截留率为89.72%,对Ca2+的截留率最高,达100%;加入阻垢剂后,纳滤膜的膜通量比未加入阻垢剂时的膜通量略大;反冲洗4次后,膜通量均可完全恢复。     

Comparison of Soil Extraction Isotherms of Soil Samples Saturated With Nonpolar Liquids

In multiphase systems capillary pressures play a significant role on fluid movement and retention. The facility to predict the effect of different thermal remediation strategies requires the knowledge of the effect of temperature on capillary pressure-saturation relationships in the soils. The objective of recent study was (a) to develop a technique for routinely measuring the pressure-saturation curves of soil samples saturated with a nonpolar liquid at different regulated temperatures (b) to build a database using the measured pressure-saturation curves and the physical, chemical properties of the model soils (c) to establish the dependence of nonaqueous phase liquid retention on the soil properties and the temperature. The retention curves (extraction isotherms) with nonaqueous phase liquid were determined using a modified pressure plate extractor. The wetting phase was a non-aromatic hydrocarbon distillation product. Pressure plates were designed and constructed in the laboratory of our department. The temperature was held constant at 20, 40 and 60 ^∘C. Statistical analysis was performed involving selected soil parameters and the measured nonaqueous phase liquid retention data. The results show that knowing some easily measurable soil parameters (bulk density, particle size distribution, humus and lime content) we can estimate the nonaqueous phase liquid retention of the soils. The measured “extraction isotherms” provide essential information about the temperature-dependency of pressure-saturation curves.     

海水生物滤器氨氮沿程转化规律模型

生物滤器是海水循环水养殖系统中的核心水处理单元,其主要用于去除对养殖生物有害的氨氮、有机物等.本研究基于吸附原理和一级反应生物膜理论构建了氨氮在生物滤器中沿程转化规律的数学模型,并通过实验加以验证.实验所用生物滤器采用竹制空心生化球填料,装填高度为70 cm,在pH为7.1～7.6,DO为5～7 mg.L-1,气水比20∶1左右,有机负荷约为4g.(m3.h)-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为1 h条件下,生物滤器中氨氮的去除主要发生在填料高度0～10 cm处,10～70 cm处氨氮去除量很少.进水氨氮质量浓度的增大和水力停留时间的降低都会导致出水氨氮质量浓度增大.此外,模型对进水氨氮质量浓度较低时的沿程出水氨氮质量浓度具有很好的预测效果;当进水氨氮质量浓度较高时,预测值略低于实际结果.     

生物质炭对果园土壤团聚体分布及保水性的影响

向土壤中施用生物质炭是增加碳吸存和改善土壤理化性质的一种重要途径.利用干筛法获得土壤不同级别团聚体,探究了果园施用不同水平、不同性质生物质炭对土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳含量、土壤孔隙度和田间持水量的影响.结果表明,与不施生物质炭的处理(CK)相比,施用生物质炭在0~10 cm土层主要减少了土壤5~8 mm、0.25 mm团聚体含量,增加了1~2 mm、2~5 mm级别团聚体含量,其中1~2 mm团聚体随生物质炭施用量增加而显著增加.施用生物质炭使0~10cm土层土壤团聚体的平均质量直径有所减小,稳定性降低.与CK相比,添加生物质炭显著增加了土壤团聚体中有机碳含量,其中1~2 mm团聚体有机碳提高幅度最大,达70%以上.施用生物质炭显著提高了1 mm级别团聚体的吸湿系数,增加了土壤总孔隙度和田间持水量.     

强电离放电脱除NO的化学反应动力学模拟

强电离放电脱除NO是集化学、物理学和环境工程学为一体的交叉学科,其脱除过程本质上是等离子体中进行的一系列微观过程,难以通过实验进行直接研究。故通过建立强电离放电脱除模拟烟气中NO的化学模型并运用MATLAB对其进行数值模拟以探讨NO的去除机理。数值模拟结果表明,在800 μs内产生大量·O和·OH,而仅产生少量·N,由此可知NO的去除主要是通过与·O和·OH的氧化反应生成HNO3实现的,在脱除过程中NO先被氧化成NO2,再进一步被转化成HNO3。同时,通过实验验证了所建立模型的合理性。实验结果表明：随着NO初始浓度的增加,NO脱除效率逐渐下降;随着含氧量的增加,NO脱除效率显著增大。     

超长污泥龄对MPR工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响

针对高MLSS下系统的稳定运行及脱氮除磷效果,采用微压内循环生物相反应器(MPR)处理模拟城市污水,探究了超长污泥龄(SRT)在50、70、90d时,MPR不断减少剩余污泥排放量下的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,当SRT由50d提升至90d时,MPR工艺的脱氮能力得到增强,TN的平均去除率由75.97％提高到84.60％.在...     

Testing of chemical substances for environmental effects—an important task for the chemical industry

Recently the heterogeneous reactions are increasingly recognised as significant in polluted areas. In this work the reactions of gases with solid alkali‐halide crystals at temperatures 200K and 300K were examined by using a recently proposed thermodynamic model (Varotsos et al., 1988) which provides the interconnection of entropy and enthalpy for various processes with well known macroscopic properties of the bulk solid.     

The biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus: A review of local and global consequences of the atmospheric input

P‐input from the atmosphere is, in many oligotrophic ecosystems, substantial for the biomass production; in some regions biomass formation may depend fully or partially on the phosphorus input from the atmosphere. As a consequence, phosphorus must be considered as an element participating in cycles involving the atmosphere, like sulfur and nitrogen. Dust and aerosols containing phosphorus are transported worldwide, linking even distant regions. Human activities enhance the amounts of P distributed. Since the concentrations of P in the atmospheric dry and wet input are usually very low, special care in sampling and analysis is a prerequisite to obtain reproducible data. Some values in the literature may be questionable.     

鼎湖山PM_(2.5)中化学元素的组成及浓度特征和来源

为研究珠江三角洲大气颗粒物的污染特征及其来源,于2006年6～12月,在鼎湖山利用大流量颗粒物采样仪进行PM2.5样品的采集,并利用ICP-MS分析其中的元素浓度.结果表明,Pb、V、Cu、As、Zn、Se元素平均浓度为216.24、15.40、60.56、31.81、432.06和8.12 ng·m-3,处于高污染浓度水平.因子分析表明,化石燃料的燃烧、金属冶炼工业、扬尘和海盐是该地区PM2.5的主要来源.