锌金属硫蛋白对PM2.5暴露的运动大鼠血清抗氧化酶及免疫指标的影响

为了探讨锌-金属硫蛋白(Zn-Metallothionein,Zn-MT)对细颗粒污染运动大鼠血清抗氧化酶及免疫指标的影响.选取雄性SD大鼠56只,随机分为安静对照组、运动对照组、Zn-MT+运动组、低剂量PM2.5+运动组、Zn-MT+低剂量PM2.5+运动组、高剂量PM2.5+运动组、Zn-MT+高剂量PM2.5+运动组,采用递增负荷跑台训练后即刻处死,取血测定大鼠血清CAT、T-SOD、GSH、GSH-Px、白细胞介素IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MCP-R1α、并进行有关统计学检验.结果表明,与安静组相比,运动组抗氧化酶下降,白细胞介素及免疫因子升高;与运动对照组相比,PM2.5染毒组大鼠血清SOD、GSH、GSH-Px活性下降且有剂量相同趋势变化;IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MIP-1α显著性上升;补充Zn-MT后,血清抗氧化酶呈回升趋势;IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MIP-1α有所下降.补充Zn-MT在一定程度上可以减轻由于运动产生自由基而对机体造成氧化应激损伤,保护机体的免疫系统,增强机体的运动能力.     

东祁连山土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响

为了解祁连山东段天祝高寒地区不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响,研究选取天然草地、退耕自然恢复地、燕麦地和多年生草地4种土地利用方式,研究了不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性影响显著。土壤容重大小依次为退耕自然恢复地(1.104 g/cm³)>多年生草地(1.061 g/cm³)>燕麦地(1.011 g/cm³)>天然草地(0.781 g/cm³);总孔隙度为天然草地(68.196%)>燕麦地(60.606%)>多年生草地(58.93%)>退耕自然恢复地(57.5%);土壤最大持水量和土壤稳渗速率天然草地最大(681.966 t/hm²和3.02 mm/min),退耕自然恢复地最小(575.005 t/hm²和1.004 mm/min)。从土壤持水性能和入渗性能来看,4种土地利用方式中天然草地最好,退耕自然恢复地最差,燕麦地和多年生草地土壤持水能力和渗透性能优于退耕自然恢复地。     

冲缝筛管结垢速率模拟研究*

为对防砂过程中因地层物性影响而导致冲缝筛管出现结垢问题进行准确的过程分析,基于FLUENT平台利用现场数据建立流道中的化学反应和沉积结垢的数值模型,评估管道缝宽、环境压力、温度、离子浓度与流速对冲缝筛管结垢速率的影响规律。结果表明:筛管结垢速率与管内温度和离子浓度成正相关,与管内流体流速成负相关,但环境压力影响不大,同时结垢主要产生在冲缝台阶以及冲缝套与打孔基管的接触面上,对产液的过流面积存在较大影响;结合正交分析得到4个敏感因素的主次顺序为:管内温度、管内流速、反应物浓度、环境压力,并确定最小结垢的组合方案;通过DPM模型探究CaCO3颗粒的沉积规律,得到管内的沉积情况,并建立多因素垢层厚度的计算模型。在实际生产中为降低筛管结垢对油井产能的影响,可以通过降低管内的温度、离子浓度及适当地增大流速来抑制结垢过程的发生。     

Bioavailability of diuron,imazapic and isoxaflutole in soils of contrasting textures

This research was aimed at understanding the dynamics of the herbicides diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], imazapic [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-5-methylnicotinic acid] and isoxaflutole [5-cyclopropyl-4-(2-methanesulfonyl-4-trifluoromethyl benzoyl)isoxazole] in two soils of different physico-chemical properties. To accomplish such intent, several greenhouse experiments were run. The bioavailability of diuron (0; 1.6 and 3.2 kg ha^{? 1}), imazapic (0; 98 and 122.5 g ha^{? 1}) and isoxaflutole (0; 35 and 70 g ha^{? 1}) was measured in samples from a sandy loam soil and a clay soil, by sowing a bioindicator (Brachiaria decumbens), at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after herbicides application (DAA). Diuron was very stable in clay soil, providing control equal to or higher than 92% of bioindicator, up to 100 DAA, as assumed by biomass accumulation. No differential effect was observed in sandy loam soil, even when 2x labeled rate were applied. Imazapic provided a short bioavailability in relation to B. decumbens, independent of rates applied. The persistence of isoxaflutole was longer in clay soil (28 to 30 days).     

饱和多孔介质中胶体运移模拟方法研究进展

阐述了国内外针对胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移模拟方法的研究进展：胶体在多孔介质中由于对流和弥散作用发生运移,而由于表面沉积和筛滤作用滞留在多孔介质中,通常采用含有滞留项的对流弥散方程对胶体的运移行为进行宏观描述,并通过拟合得到胶体运移和滞留的宏观参数,但是对流弥散方程是对试验曲线的宏观描述,无法解释其背后的微观机理;胶体的运移和滞留作用由胶体的微观受力决定,包括胶体在水中的布朗运动和有效重力,胶体-胶体/胶体-固相表面之间的相互作用以及流场作用在胶体上的力3个部分;为了实现从微观受力到宏观参数的升尺度计算,研究者们提出了胶体过滤理论及其后续的修正方法对沉积速率等宏观参数进行预测,然而现有方法通常基于简化的流场,忽略了多孔介质复杂孔隙结构和表面特性的影响;孔隙结构模型是多孔介质孔隙结构的简化模型,基于该模型能够从胶体在多孔介质中的微观力学分析出发,预测胶体的宏观运移行为,然而已有研究中尚未全面的考虑胶体在多孔介质中运移和滞留的多种作用.本文总结了该领域待解决的问题,包括建立考虑微观机理的对流弥散方程,发展考虑多孔介质孔隙结构的胶体过滤理论以及完善基于孔隙结构模型的胶体运移模拟方法.     

南京冬夏硫酸盐和硝酸盐对黑碳混合态的影响

采用单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）结合MARGA在线分析仪对南京地区冬季和夏季黑碳（BC）的质量浓度,以及硫酸盐,硝酸盐对其混合状态的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬季和夏季南京地区BC质量浓度分别在1.01~14.5μg/m³和0.20~3.81μg/m³之间,均值分别为（4.39±2.66）μg/m³和（1.67±0.76）μg/m³,均呈现早晚高值的双峰型日变化特征.运用相对包裹层厚度D_p/D_c表示BC混合状态,冬季和夏季D_p/D_c分别在1.39~2.34和1.03~1.45之间,均值分别（1.81±0.21）和（1.24±0.08）,D_p/D_c日变化特征与BC相反,冬季D_p/D_c日变化幅度较大.冬季D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较好,D_p/D_c与NO₃^-的相关性高于其与SO₄^2-的相关性,夏季则相反.冬季清洁时期BC以本地源排放为主,其混合状态受硫酸盐和硝酸盐影响较高,冬季重污染时期,受排放源以及区域传输的影响,D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较低.     

稳定化飞灰填埋场渗滤液产量预测

以南方某稳定化飞灰填埋场为研究对象,通过钻孔获取了新鲜、1、3、6和11个月等5个龄期的试样,并在实验室开展了颗粒分析、含水量、持水量等测试.不均匀系数Cu > 5,曲率系数Cc<1,属于级配不良土,容易形成优势流通道.含水量介于18.6%~46.4%之间,随埋深的增大而减小,随龄期的增长而增大.持水量介于15.0%~52.4%之间,随上覆应力的增大而减小,随龄期的增长而增大,由此建立了持水量计算模型.对于相同龄期和埋深的稳定化飞灰,其含水量要低于持水量2.6%~13.7%,这表明稳定化飞灰整体上未达到持水量状态,由此推测底部导排层收集到的渗滤液主要由雨水入渗后经过稳定化飞灰体内优势通道而进入导排层.在此基础上,建立了考虑填埋进程、降雨入渗量、优势流通道、稳定化飞灰产/吸水量等因素的填埋场渗滤液产量预测模型,并利用现场记录数据对模型进行了参数率定.模型分析结果表明,填埋场开始运营后的9个月内,渗滤液主要来源于降雨入渗量和运输车辆冲洗水量,分别占比约48%和52%.当稳定化飞灰体内优势流通道占总孔隙的比例从0%增至20%,导排层收集到的渗滤液量占渗滤液总收集量的比例从0增至34.1%.因此,建议对稳定化飞灰进行充分压实后再填埋,以减少优势流现象的发生,同时改用节水型车辆冲洗装置,最终降低渗滤液总产量.上述研究成果能够为我国类似稳定化飞灰填埋场中导排系统、调节池等的设计提供重要参考.     

TOF–SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size–fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing

Size–fractioned atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. The organic and inorganic components on the surfaces of the samples were analyzed using time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF–SIMS).The variation characteristics of the surface chemical composition and influencing factors were studied, and the possible sources of these chemical compositions were identified through principal component analysis. The results showed that inorganic components such as crustal elements and sulfate, and organic components such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen–containing organic groups were present. Some surface components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and fluorides may exert adverse effects on human health. The species and relative percentages of the chemical components varied with particle size, diurnal and pollution progress. During a heavy pollution event, the species and relative percentages of secondary components such as oxygen–containing organic groups and sulfurous compounds increased, indicating that particles aged during this event. The surface chemical composition of the aerosol particles was affected mainly by emissions from coal combustion and motor vehicles. In addition, air pollution, meteorological factors, and air mass transport also exerted a significant effect on the surface chemical composition of aerosol particles.     

Chemical characterization of fine and ultrafine PM, direct and indirect genotoxicity of PM and their organic extracts on pulmonary cells

Particulate matter in ambient air constitutes a complex mixture of fine and ultrafine particles composed of various chemical compounds including metals, ions, and organics. A multidisciplinary approach was developed by studying physico-chemical characteristics and mechanisms involved in the toxicity of particulate atmospheric pollution. PM_(0.3–2.5) and PM_(2.5) including ultrafine particles were sampled in Dunkerque, a French industrialized seaside city. PM samples were characterized from a chemical and toxicological point of view. Physicochemical characterization evidenced that PM_(2.5) comes from several sources: natural ones, such as soil resuspension and marine sea-salt emissions, as well as anthropogenic ones, such as shipping traffic, road traffic, and industrial activities. Human BEAS-2 B lung cells were exposed to PM_(0.3–2.5), or to the Extractable Organic Matter(EOM) of PM_(0.3–2.5) and PM_(2.5). These exposures induced several mechanisms of action implied in the genotoxicity, such as oxidative DNA adducts and DNA Damage Response. The toxicity of PM-EOM was higher for the sample including the ultrafine fraction(PM_(2.5)) containing also higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These results evidenced the major role of organic compounds in the toxicity of PM.     

黄河兰州段水环境中多环芳烃污染初步研究

2004年11月对黄河兰州段11个采样点的水样、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染作了初步研究。调查结果显示,在此河段中,16种优先控制的PAHs均有检出,总PAHs浓度范围分别为水中,2920~6680ng/L;表层沉积物中,960~2940ng/g(干重);悬浮物中,4145~29090ng/g(干重);其中含量较高的是和芘,且分子量较小的PAHs所占的比例较大。来源分析结果显示,黄河兰州段水环境中PAHs的来源是燃烧源和石油源混合的结果,为混合输入型。用生物学阈值对表层沉积物质量进行评价,黄河兰州段表层沉积物的PAHs污染不算严重,偶尔会产生负面生态效应。