Charge‐transfer chromatographic study of the interaction of commercial pesticides with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin

The interaction between 33 commercial pesticides with hydroxypropyI‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPBCD) was studied by charge‐transfer reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography using aqueous sodium chloride solutions as eluents. Each pesticide interacted with HPBCD, their lipophilicity linearly decreased with increasing HPBCD concentration, the pesticide ‐ HPBCD complex (probably inclusion complex) always being more hydrophilic than the uncomplexed pesticide. In many cases the retention of pesticide increased with increasing concentration of salt in the eluent. This effect can be tentatively explained by the suppression of the dissociation of the polar groups in the solute molecules resulting in increased apparent lipophilicity. No significant correlation was found between lipophilicity and complex stability or between salting‐out effect and lipophilicity, that is other than hydrophobic forces are involved in the pesticide ‐ HPBCD interaction.     

Preliminary toxicity evaluation of water from rice fields using cost‐effective microbiotests

A study was performed in a Protected Area (Natural Reserve of Sado Estuary) in 1996, to evaluate the acute toxicity for aquatic life of surface water from rice fields treated with pesticides, particularly with molinate and quinclorac. As a preliminary assessment, the following rapid toxicity tests were used: “Rotoxkit F”;, “Thamnotoxkit F”; and the recently introduced “Daphtoxkit F magna”; and “Algaltoxkit F”;. Water samples were collected from: a water source for irrigating the rice fields, two rice plots, a drainage channel and from Sado river in which the water is discharged. The results showed that samples from the rice plot treated with molinate were more toxic than those obtained from rice plot treated with quinclorac. Water samples from the river were the most toxic, causing 100% of immobility in all organisms and a substantial inhibition in the algal growth. Water collected from the drainage channel in late July, was also found to be quite toxic. The results obtained until now indicate that some characteristics of these microbiotests, like their rapidity, simplicity and relatively low cost, make them a practical tool to evaluate acute effects of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems. They may also contribute to suggest some changes in pesticides use to promote agricultural practices with lower impact to aquatic life.     

Effect of agrochemicals on earthworms

This review describes the toxic effects of agrochemicals on earthworms. Carbamates are described as extremely toxic to earthworms in comparison to organophosphorus insecticides. Some pesticides have drastic effect on the nervous system of the earthworm. Earthworm can accumulate heavy metals from the soil in higher levels than any other animal. Mercury is twenty times more toxic than chromium.     

超声波－蒸汽蒸馏萃取技术富集沉积物样品中的氯代农药和多氯联苯

为方便快速分离沉积物中含氯农药和多氯联苯，将超声波技术和蒸汽蒸馏萃取技术相结合，萃取沉积物中的微量含氯农药和多氯联苯，所得萃取物不需进一步的净化和浓缩，可直接用于色谱分析．实验表明，在进行蒸汽蒸馏萃取之前，使用辅助的超声波技术可将大部分待测物的回收率提高２０％－３０％，较好地解决了由于沉积物的吸附作用而导致的蒸汽蒸馏萃取回收率偏低的缺陷．该法使沉积物样品中的氯代农药和多氯联苯的蒸汽蒸馏萃取富集成为可能．     

Environmental pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a review of human studies

The incidence of diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades and become one of the leading health problems worldwide. Lifestyle and dietary changes alone cannot account for the dramatic rise of diabetes, while an increasing number of publications have reported the possible relationships between exposure to environmental pollutants and risk of diabetes. In the present review, our objective was to summarize the human studies on environmental pollutants, which includes persistent organic pollutants, pesticides (not on the Stockholm Convention list), bisphenol A, and phthalates, and the risk of diabetes. Currently published results suggest a positive relationship between certain persistent organic pollutants (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls) and bisphenol A exposure and risk of diabetes. For pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and phthalates, there are insufficient studies to reach conclusions and therefore more studies, especially prospective studies, are needed along with in vivo and in vitro studies to understand the underlying mechanisms.     

沉积物中有机氯农药超声提取分析方法研究

应用超声提取沉积物中的有机氯农药(OCPs),GC-ECD进行定量分析. 研究了不同提取溶剂、提取时间、提取次数以及不同极性的毛细管色谱柱对沉积物中11种OCPs(六氯苯,α-HCH,γ-HCH,七氯,艾氏剂,δ-HCH,β-HCH,p,p′-DDE,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDT)提取效率的影响,确定了沉积物中OCPs超声提取的最优条件:用正己烷/二氯甲烷(体积比为1∶1)作提取溶剂,提取60 min,提取1次,采用DB-1701毛细管色谱柱,GC-ECD定量测定可以得到较好的效果,提取效率均高于70%,满足美国环境保护局(USEPA)的要求. 利用最优条件分析了辽东湾沉积物中的OCPs含量. 结果表明,辽东湾沉积物中六氯苯,α-HCH,γ-HCH,七氯,δ-HCH,β-HCH,p,p′-DDE,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDT均被检出;DDTs类以p,p′-DDT含量最高,且以DDE为主要的降解产物;HCHs以δ-HCH含量最高. 与其他湖泊河流沉积物相比,辽东湾HCHs,DDTs及六氯苯含量相对较高.      

南宁城市内河水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征

采用改进的固相萃取、加速溶剂萃取和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器,对广西壮族自治区南宁5条城市内河的水体和表层沉积物样品中7种痕量有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了分析测定. 结果表明,南宁城市内河水体有机氯农药以HCHs为主,ρ(OCPs)为nd～0.141 μg/L. 5个点位沉积物中w(总OCPs)为2.13～2.80 μg/kg,均检出4,4′-DDE和4,4′-DDD,w(DDD)/w(DDE)<1,且DDTs在沉积物中的含量普遍高于HCHs. 各点位沉积物中有机氯农药各组分含量均低于美国环境保护署采用的无毒害风险浓度.      

北京东南化工区土壤有机氯农药污染特征和分布规律

采集北京原东南化工区表层土壤样品,测定了土壤有机氯农药(滴滴涕、六六六和六氯苯)残留浓度,结果表明化工区土壤有机氯农药浓度较高,滴滴涕和六六六平均浓度高达5470ng/g和2110ng/g,比一般农业和城市土壤中的浓度高出很多;某些点位甚至超过国家土壤三级标准,高浓度的点位主要集中在原农药厂的生产车间和存储点。六氯苯由于来源和挥发性跟滴滴涕和六六六不同,所以六氯苯残留在化工区土壤中的分布相对比较均匀。化工区土壤滴滴涕和六六六的异构体组成特征表明工业区土壤的有机氯农药降解速度较慢,滴滴涕残留来源于工业滴滴涕和三氯杀螨醇,而六六六主要来源于工业六六六。化工区的有机氯农药污染主要来自于原农药厂的生产和存储,重污染点位对周围化工厂的有机氯残留有一定的影响。由于高残留浓度和较低的降解速度,化工区土壤有机氯农药残留的环境风险值得进一步关注。     

有机磷农药在环境中的光稳定性及其与分子结构的关系

测定了九种具不同结构特征的有机磷农药的消光系数、光量子产率和在环境中的光稳定性。探讨了分子结构与光稳定性的关系。结果表明,农药光稳定性主要取决于分子是否具有共轭结构及共轭程度大小;共轭程度愈大,农药的紫外光吸收能力愈强,光量子产率愈小。根据分子结构将有机磷农药分为六类。并以此法对30种结构较为简单的农药的光稳定性作了预测。     

Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in water samples by membrane extraction and gas chromatography

A membrane extraction-gas chromatography method was developed fordetermination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds including methamidophos, DDVP, dimethoate, methyl parathion, parathion, thiophosphoric acid trimethyl ester, and thiophosphoramidic acid dimethyl ester in water samples. In thismethod, surface-modified acetic cellulose membranes were used to extract the target analytes in water samples, the extracted analytes were back-extracted into a small amount of methanol, andgas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) was used to determine the concentrations of targetanalytes in the extracts. The recoveries obtained for thetarget analytes spiked into the water samples ranged from 66to 94%. The method detection limit for each target analyte was 0.05 g L^-1. The method developed in this study had shown the advantages of being cheap, simple, fast, and reliable. It had been used successfully to determine the concentrations of target analytes in river water samples.