中国南方雨雪冰冻灾害受损森林植被研究进展

2008年年初我国南方遭受了一场极为罕见的大范围持续低温雨雪冰冻极端气候灾害,这场灾害给我国人民的生产生活造成了重大损失,其中,林业受损尤为严重。我国学者针对受损森林生态系统进行了多方面的调查与研究。对现有的调查研究工作进行综述,重点概述了森林结构、功能和经济效益的受损状况,总结了天气条件、地理因素、树种及其生长情况,分析了林分特征等方面的森林受损机制以及受损森林的恢复与重建对策,对现有的研究在内容、水平及方向上的不足之处提出建议,以期对未来的相关研究提供帮助。     

Variation in the Anatomical Characters of Needles and Their Resistance to Technogenic and Climatic Stress in Scotch Pine

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Understanding the distribution of cattle production systems in the South American Chaco

ABSTRACT

Impacts of cattle production vary among different production systems, but data on their distribution is scarce for most world regions. In this work, we combine datasets on cattle vaccination locations and land cover in a regression framework to define and map major cattle production systems in the Argentinean Dry Chaco. We also explore how cattle occurrence relates to spatial determinants. Results indicate that the region harbors about 5.5 million heads. Cattle density was mainly described by the share of pasture (69.9%), cropland (28.1%) and aridity (23.8%). We identified 12-major cattle production systems: six cow-calf, three whole-cycle, and three fattening systems. Of these, four systems had high woodland cover (>85%). Data generated is available in a website. Understanding the distribution of cattle production systems is important to assess the environmental impacts of beef production at broad scales. Integrating vaccination data with land-cover information provides a promising avenue to identify livestock systems.     

鼎湖山马尾松林凋落物分解对凋落物输入变化的响应

为了了解我国南方森林常见的人为干扰（凋落物收取）活动对生态系统养分循环的影响,研究了鼎湖山马尾松林3种主要树种凋落物分解及其养分释放对凋落物输入量变化的响应。这3种树种分别为马尾松（Pinus massoniana）、荷木（Schimasuperba）和锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis）。凋落物输入量变化分别为凋落物去除（L-）、加倍（L＋）和对照（L）3种处理,每种处理25个重复。经过18个月的处理试验,凋落物分解速率及其养分释放随树种、分解阶段和凋落物处理不同而异。荷木、马尾松和锥栗分解物平均残留率分别为0.46±0.01、0.42±0.01、0.40±0.02,其中,荷木与锥栗、马尾松差异性显著。不同处理间的凋落物分解速率差异显著,加倍、对照和去除处理样地凋落物的平均残留率分别为0.51±0.08、0.53±0.09和0.55±0.08。凋落物加倍处理促进了凋落物分解过程中C的释放,而去除凋落物处理则抑制了N、P的释放。以上结果表明,凋落物收取活动不仅直接带走凋落物中的大量养分,而且抑制了凋落物分解及其养分释放。     

Models to Assess the Risk of Snow and Wind Damage in Pine, Spruce, and Birch Forests in Sweden

3 are damaged annually by snow and wind, roughly corresponding to a value of US$150 million, and in Europe, the damage amounts to hundreds of millions of US dollars each year. To help to reduce these losses, tools for risk assessment within forest management have been developed. Predictions were developed of the risk of damage from snow and wind to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Birch (Betula spp. L.) plots using tree, stand, and site characteristics. The data were obtained from 6756 permanent sample plots within the Swedish National Forest Inventory, which were inventoried twice at five-year intervals between 1983 and 1992. Input data for model development used measurements from the first inventory of tree characteristics for the largest sample tree, stand, and site data, and records of snow and wind damage from the second inventory. Models were developed for three different regions for pine- and spruce-dominated sites, while models for the whole country were developed for birch sites. In general the estimated proportion of damaged plots was highly overestimated (31.7%–56.2%), compared with the observed proportion of 3.4%–11.9%. The models for Norway spruce comprising tree, stand, and site data show the best predictability of damaged plots, with 60.6%–67.6% of plots correctly classified. It is concluded that the models developed can be used to detect sites with a high probability of damage from snow and wind, and thus be used as tools to reduce future damage and costs in practical forestry.     

生物炭对铅离子的吸附性能

以废弃松木屑为原料,采用控制热分解法制备了生物炭。运用BET和FTIR等技术对生物炭进行了表征,考察了生物炭对铅离子的吸附效果,并探讨了吸附机理。表征结果显示,700℃氨气处理的生物炭,其比表面积和总孔体积显著增大。实验结果表明:生物炭对铅离子的吸附效果优于普通活性炭,且以700℃氨气处理的生物炭为最佳;随溶液pH的升高生物炭对铅离子的去除率增大,当pH为4~6时去除效果较好;在溶液pH为6、初始铅离子质量浓度为50 mg/L、吸附剂加入量为1 g/L、吸附时间为6 h的条件下,700℃氨气处理的生物炭对铅离子的去除率达99%以上;700℃氨气处理的生物炭的Langmuir吸附常数和Freundlich吸附常数远大于普通活性炭和其他工艺的生物炭;铅离子在生物炭上的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程。     

The State of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arsenjevia baikalensis</Emphasis> cenopopulations in plant communities of the Western Sayan Mountains

Fifteen A. baikalensis populations growing in natural and disturbed habitats in the dark-taiga forest belt of the Western Sayan Mountains have been studied with respect to age composition, numbers, and variation and interrelation of vegetative characters and parameters of productivity. Specific features of the effect of gaps in the tree canopy on the state of A. baikalensis cenopopulations have been revealed.     

马尾松松针对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的吸附特性

以马尾松松针为吸附剂,研究其对水中磺胺二甲基嘧啶的吸附特性。考察了磺胺二甲基嘧啶的初始浓度为10 mg·L-1、温度为25 ℃时松针吸附剂饱和吸附量及饱和吸附时间,分析了温度、pH值对其吸附能力的影响,研究了吸附过程的动力学和热力学特点,并进行了相应的分析和计算。实验结果表明,在实验条件下,松针对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的吸附在 35 min达到饱和,其饱和吸附量为 0.229 mg·g-1。经准一级动力学方程拟合出的 qe为 0.24 mg·g-1与实验所得值0.229 mg·g-1接近,且相关系数R2=0.998 1,说明准一级动力学模型能较好地描述松针对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的吸附行为,且满足Langmuir 等温吸附模型。分析表明,松针对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的吸附行为为单分子层的自发吸附,且以物理吸附为主。     

西大别山百战坪黄山松径向生长对气候因子的响应

研究基于标准的树轮年代学研究方法（样芯经固定、晾干、打磨、交叉定年、测量和标准化等处理）,首次建立了大别山西部的黄柏山百战坪的黄山松树轮宽度标准年表。研究发现,黄山松宽度年表有较高的信噪比SNR和样本解释总量EPS,表明树轮宽度年表中含有较多的气候信息,适合做树轮气候学研究。树轮宽度年表与气象因子关系的研究结果显示,黄山松树轮宽度与上一年10月、12月及当年的5月至9月的气温（包括月均最高气温、月均温和月均最低气温）呈较高的负相关,且在上一年的12月和当年7月月均最高气温和月均温的限制作用较强,而上一年10月月均温限制作用最大,这表明上一年生长季末和当年生长季中的高温通过对水分的影响限制黄山松的生长。树轮指数与当年2月、4月至7月的月降水及月相对湿度（6月份除外）均呈较高正相关,说明在进入生长期前后充足水分对黄山松生长有促进作用,但当降水或相对湿度过大时（如上年8月与当年6月）对黄山松生长就起到一定的限制作用。本研究结果填补了大别山西段树木年轮研究的空白,为该区域树木年轮气候重建研究提供参考和基础数据,也为黄柏山自然保护区今后的森林培育和森林管理提供了一定的理论依据。     

Community Capacity for Implementing Clean Development Mechanism Projects Within Community Forests in Cameroon

There is a growing assumption that payments for environmental services including carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission reduction provide an opportunity for poverty reduction and the enhancement of sustainable development within integrated natural resource management approaches. Yet in experiential terms, community-based natural resource management implementation falls short of expectations in many cases. In this paper, we investigate the asymmetry between community capacity and the Land Use Land Use Change Forestry (LULUCF) provisions of the Clean Development Mechanism within community forests in Cameroon. We use relevant aspects of the Clean Development Mechanism criteria and notions of “community capacity” to elucidate determinants of community capacity needed for CDM implementation within community forests. The main requirements are for community capacity to handle issues of additionality, acceptability, externalities, certification, and community organisation. These community capacity requirements are further used to interpret empirically derived insights on two community forestry cases in Cameroon. While local variations were observed for capacity requirements in each case, community capacity was generally found to be insufficient for meaningful uptake and implementation of Clean Development Mechanism projects. Implications for understanding factors that could inhibit or enhance community capacity for project development are discussed. We also include recommendations for the wider Clean Development Mechanism/Kyoto capacity building framework.