Load Estimation Method Using Distributions with Covariates: A Comparison with Commonly Used Estimation Methods

Load estimates obtained using an approach based on statistical distributions with parameters expressed as a function of covariates (e.g., streamflow) (distribution with covariates hereafter called DC method) were compared to four load estimation methods: (1) flow‐weighted mean concentration; (2) integral regression; (3) segmented regression (the last two with Ferguson's correction factor); and (4) hydrograph separation methods. A total of 25 datasets (from 19 stations) of daily concentrations of total dissolved solids, nutrients, or suspended particulate matter were used. The selected stations represented a wide range of hydrological conditions. Annual flux errors were determined by randomly generating 50 monthly sample series from daily series. Annual and interannual biases and dispersions were evaluated and compared. The impact of sampling frequency was investigated through the generation of bimonthly and weekly surveys. Interannual uncertainty analysis showed that the performance of the DC method was comparable with those of the other methods, except for stations showing high hydrological variability. In this case, the DC method performed better, with annual biases lower than those characterizing the other methods. Results show that the DC method generated the smallest pollutant load errors when considering a monthly sampling frequency for rivers showing high variability in hydrological conditions and contaminant concentrations.     

Dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the Aegean Sea

The distribution and transportation of Dissolved and Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbon (DDPH) were investigated in the Aegean Sea with the hydrodynamics of the water masses of the region. It is clear that distribution of this pollutant is strongly affected by physical dynamics of environment. The data were collected during cruises in November 1994, in the framework of National Marine Measurement and Monitoring Programme in the Aegean Sea. In the present study additionally the Chlorophyll‐a was measured fluorometrically and there is good correlation between petroleum hydrocarbon and chlorophyll‐a in the Aegean Sea. DDPH data was used to search origin of hydrocarbons: biogenic or non biogenic.     

杏子河沉积物中石油污染物释放实验研究

以延安市安塞县境内杏子河中游主河道水体沉积物为研究对象,研究石油类污染物对上覆水体的二次污染规律。研究表明,在实验条件下,沉积物中石油污染物达到释放平衡的时间为16~18 d,上覆水体二次污染的质量浓度分别达到2.8 mg/L和3.5 mg/L;通过释放前后沉积物的石油含量对比发现,沉积物表层10 cm厚度对水体的污染贡献最大,是造成水体二次污染的主要源头。根据沉积物组分分析,杏子河沉积物中共检测出11种烷烃,7种多环芳烃。通过释放前后峰面积比较发现,碳原子数在12和17之间的烷烃容易进入水体,成为杏子河石油污染物的主要组成部分。另外,杏子河多环芳烃污染的主要组份是苊、芴、异丙基萘、菲、蒽、苯并[a]芘。     

中铝山西分公司排污措施及控制

简要介绍了中铝山西分公司的建设与发展状况,重点介绍了其环境保护措施及排污达标和总量控制情况。同时解释了“可持续发展”理论和总量控制的概念。通过一、二期工程必须削减污染物排放量和正在建设中的三期工程采取先进的生产技术和环境保护措施,说明排污达标和总量控制是保护环境的有效措施,是促进中铝山西分公司“可持续发展”的关键。     

微波提取-离子色谱法测定气态污染物中的硫酸雾

建立了一种以微波提取气态污染物中的硫酸雾,用离子色谱仪进行分析的方法,微波提取效率高,提取时间短。用离子色谱仪来进行定量分析,回收率为96.6%～104%,相对标准偏差为2.5%～3.4%。     

浅议规模化畜禽养殖业的污染防治对策

以规模化畜禽养殖业为调查对象,主要调查统计了蛋鸡、肉鸡、猪、肉牛、奶牛、羊。根据调查和数据统计,掌握了鞍山市规模化畜禽养殖业的特点及规模化畜禽养殖业污染物的排放量,并以此提出了污染防治对策。     

太湖流域漕桥河污染物来源特征

基于对太湖流域漕桥河小流域主要污染物来源构成和污染特征的分析,对污染物入河量进行了计算和修正. 结果表明:漕桥河的COD_Cr入河总量为1 639.9 t/a,主要来源于工业污染和城镇生活污染;氨氮入河总量为174.6 t/a,主要来源于农业面源和工业污染;总氮和总磷入河总量分别为491.0和34.7 t/a,主要来源于农业面源和城镇生活污染. 同时,针对河网地区水系错综复杂的特性,将客水污染纳入污染源范畴,核定客水量,为有效改善河流水环境质量提供了依据.      

国内外产排污系数开发现状及其启示

通过对国外产排污系数开发应用现状的系统分析,重点研究了美国产排污系数的基本特征、开发方法和途径以及遇到的障碍,结合我国产排污系数的开发现状和存在的问题,得出了对我国该领域研究的启示:建立产排污系数开发和管理的官方常设机构,定期发布最新数据;构建国家产排污系数信息管理平台;细化行业污染源分类,完善污染物种类;深入对产排污系数开发的理论体系和技术方法的研究,建立产排污系数核算方法学.指出了产排污系数不确定性评估研究将是未来重要的研究内容.      

餐厨垃圾厌氧处置的恶臭污染物分析

为研究餐厨垃圾在厌氧消化过程中的恶臭污染物排放特征,采用冷阱富集-GC/MS技术对宁波市某典型餐厨垃圾处置企业的恶臭污染物成分、含量及成分谱进行研究,共检出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃、含氧有机物、硫化物及氨等7类物质,其中含氧有机物是主要成分。检测结果表明,恶臭污染物总浓度水平为高温灭菌装置油水分离装置厌氧发酵装置分选装置卸料区,高温灭菌装置、分选装置、油水分离装置、厌氧发酵装置的臭气浓度值较高。结合数据分析初步筛选各单元的特征污染物:卸料区、分选装置:乙醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、氨、柠檬烯;高温灭菌和油水分离装置:乙醇、甲硫醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、柠檬烯;厌氧发酵装置:乙醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、对-二乙苯、柠檬烯。     

天津市PM_（2.5）排放源构成分析及防治措施评估

以天津市2010年污染源普查为主要数据源建立天津市大气污染源排放清单,采用MM5/CMAQ模式,以1、4、7、10为各季节代表性月份,模拟研究天津市各季节PM2.5来源构成变化以及＂十二五＂期间天津市大气污染治理重点工程实施对天津市PM2.5空气质量改善的贡献。结果显示,热力供应、工业燃煤及居民生活源是天津市PM2.5污染主要贡献来源。重点工程全部实施完成后,天津市PM2.5空气质量浓度值与2010年相比约有11.5%的下降,对改善天津市空气质量效果显著。