受限空间网状高分子材料抑制油气爆炸实验研究

为研究新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸的抑制作用,搭建了狭长受限空间油气爆炸抑制实验系统,进行了油气爆炸抑制实验,通过对比是否按留空率规范填充抑爆材料所达到的3种工况,分析了爆炸超压值、升压速率、火焰强度和火焰持续时间等特性参数变化情况。实验结果表明:新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸产生的最大爆炸超压值、升压速率和火焰强度有明显的抑制作用;新型网状高分子材料对火焰的传播有明显的阻滞作用,使火焰传播速度减小;当新型材料按照规范填充时,最大爆炸超压值和升压速率分别下降了84.36%和 39.18%以上,火焰被完全熄灭,并且距离点火端越远,抑爆效果越明显。     

稠油采出含聚污水微生物处理研究

随着海外河油田聚合物驱采油技术大面积应用,含聚合物(聚丙烯酰胺)污水大量产出。针对含聚污水黏度大、含油多、乳化稳定,采用传统的污水处理方法及设施难以达到油田注水水质标准的问题,在对海外河油田含聚污水水质分析和微生物处理可行性分析的基础上,进行了微生物处理实验,实验表明:经生化处理的污水满足SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》。     

含聚采油废水外排达标处理技术

本文针对含聚合物采油废水中聚丙烯酰胺生物毒性大、生化降解困难,采用二级气浮+活性污泥工艺对高含聚采油废水进行了现场实验研究。实验结果表明,处理后外排水中COD 80 mg/L,降解效率96.9%;石油类2 mg/L,降解效率98.6%,外排水的各项指标均能达国家和地方的相关标准。     

南水北调丹江口库区土壤中微塑料分布特征及风险评估

为探究丹江口库区土壤中微塑料赋存特征及影响因素,通过对果园、旱地、水田和湿地进行土壤样品采集,利用密度分选、显微镜观察和拉曼光谱仪测定等方法对土壤中微塑料进行鉴定.结果表明,研究区采集的64个样本均有微塑料检出,丰度范围为645~15161 n·kg^-1.空间分布上,库尾高于库中和库首,且表层土壤（0~20 cm）中微塑料的丰度明显低于下层土壤（20~40 cm）.微塑料主要类型为聚丙烯（26.4%）和聚酰胺（20.2%）,粒径主要集中在50~500 μm之间（75%）,常见形状为碎片状（66.2%）.相关性分析显示,土壤微塑料丰度与土地利用、距水面和住宅的距离、人口密度和土壤性状密切相关.从微塑料污染风险来看,72.1%区域微塑料聚合物污染指数处于Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,丹江口库区存在一定的微塑料污染风险.研究结果可为微塑料风险评估提供支撑.     

聚己内酯与聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯的脱氮性能对比

以可生物降解聚合物聚己内酯(PCL)和聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)作为反硝化缓释碳源和微生物载体,利用清水释碳和批式反硝化试验选出适用于再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的可生物降解碳源滤料,通过比较与分析碳源滤料的表面形态及物质特性和附着微生物的群落特征揭示其性能优越的原因.结果表明,PHBV反硝化启动时间短,反硝化速率高,剩余有机物浓度低,相比PCL具有更稳定持续的反硝化效果.原因是其表面粗糙,且含有大量C—O和CO等亲水性基团,易于微生物附着和降解利用;其表面附着的微生物种类多样,其中发硫菌属(Thiothrix)、假单胞属(Pseudomonas)、菌胶团属(Zoogloea)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和脱氯菌属(Dechloromonas)等优势菌属均具有异养反硝化功能.因此,PHBV更适合作为再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的碳源滤料.     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

PVC/PES相容性及对共混超滤膜性能的影响

研究了聚氯乙烯(PVC)与聚醚砜(PES)共混体系相容性及其对共混膜性能的影响。利用溶解度参数原则和混合热焓原则进行理论预测,用铸膜液粘度法进行实验表征,均说明该体系为部分相容体系,且其相容性与组成及共混温度有关。通过对共混膜传质特性的考察,表明铸膜液的相容性会明显影响共混膜的性能;采用共混法可以改善膜性能。     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride：The role of hydrolyzed Fe（Ⅲ） and silica interaction

The highly e cient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These e ects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation e ciency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coagulation/flocculation e ciency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping, adsorption bridging mechanism.     

新型甲醛捕获剂的合成及其捕获性能研究

游离甲醛是室内空气中最主要的污染物之一,对人体造成的危害越来越受到关注.因此,研制新型甲醛捕获剂及其捕获性能具有重要的实际意义.采用亲水性单体丙烯酰胺和亲油性单体苯乙烯为反应物,以氧化还原引发剂,经霍夫曼降解反应合成了含氨基的两亲性共聚物.通过单因素实验考察了不同原料比、引发剂剂量时所合成的产物对人造板游离甲醛捕获率的影响,然后根据单因素实验的结果设计正交试验以优化合成条件.结果表明:苯乙烯单体和丙烯酰胺单体的摩尔比为1:3,引发剂与单体摩尔比为9%,丙烯酰胺单体和NaClO的摩尔比为1:1.2时产品捕获率最好,可达60.40%.实验合成的两亲性共聚物在常温下不挥发,相对稳定而且捕获效果较好,是一种理想的新型甲醛捕获剂.     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥的有机物吸收及胞内储存特性

采用特殊运行方式的厌氧-好氧SBR系统(厌氧后排水),在乙酸钠、葡萄糖及葡萄糖-乙酸钠混合基质条件下均培养出了稳定的聚糖菌颗粒污泥.通过对典型周期有机物、磷酸盐、胞内糖原及聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)变化的测定分析,证明有机基质的种类对于聚糖菌能量利用模式、有机物吸收速率及胞内储存物质种类具有显著的影响.污泥初始胞内糖原水平是有机物吸收数量及吸收速率的关键影响因素,当糖原水平低于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率与糖原水平直接相关:而糖原水平高于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率趋于稳定.不同糖原水平污泥厌氧吸收有机物的速率具有明显差异,在厌氧初期有机物快速吸收阶段,有机物厌氧吸收速率随胞内糖原水平升高而增加.