中国城市空气质量分级管理策略探讨

本文在充分剖析我国现阶段城市环境空气质量及相关管理工作存在的主要问题的基础上,探讨了以改善城市空气质量兼顾城市群效应控制为重点的城市空气质量分级管理策略。研究提出,为适应新的污染特征和形势,国家应针对不同地区、不同污染来源特征、不同污染程度的各类城市实行分类指导和分级管理的思路。     

论环境移民

由于环境恶化,部分区域出现了一种特殊的人口迁移类型－环境移民。环境移民是人口增长与环境容量之间矛盾的必然结果。本文对环境移民的概念,要素和实持作了初步探讨,并艰广西移民的例子加以说明。     

我国工业废水污染防治的战略、对策与费用效益分析

扼要阐述了当前我国工业废水排放和污染现状,提出了从本世纪末到２０２０年的控制目标和任务,及为达此目标而采取的战略与对策,措施,燕进行了初步的费用效益分析,文章突出强调,我国工业废水的排放量与污染负荷遵循从正增长率－零增长率－负增长率的发展模式;实施以清洁生产为主要内容的生产全过程控制的重要措施以及加强集中处理的规划方案。     

安徽省宣州扬子鳄饲养种群繁殖现状分析

对１９９３ ～１９９８ 年安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心内的亲代与子代鳄的繁殖情况进行了统计研究,结果表明：扬子鳄亲代卵的平均受精率为（７５．６６±２．２９） ％ ,子一代为（６９ ．２４ ±５ ．１２） ％ ,经ｔ 检验,两者差异显著;亲代产卵孵化幼鳄的平均畸形率为（０．３０ ±０．２０） ％ ,而子一代产卵幼鳄平均畸形率为（１ ．８５±０．９５） ％ ,经ｔ 检验,两者差异显著．但受精卵幼鳄孵化率在两代间差异不显著．通过饲养种群的家系和有效群体大小分析,作者认为造成子代鳄的繁殖率下降和畸形率上升的原因与近亲繁殖有关．对扬子鳄的遗传保护研究提出了建议．     

RAPD标记鉴别中华绒螯蟹种群的初步研究

用２００个随机引物对中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）辽河种群、长江种群和瓯江种群进行了ＲＡＰＤ遗传标记鉴别研究,其中引物ＨＸ０１和ＨＸ０２检测到瓯江种群和辽河种群所有样品共有的ＨＸ０１０．４和ＨＸ０２０．７扩增片段,Ｍｒ分别为０．４ｋｂ和０．７ｋｂ．这两个扩增片段在模板ＤＮＡ浓度作上下５０％的改变、或在镁离子和引物浓度分别作上下２５％的改变时仍稳定出现,而长江种群样品的ＰＣＲ反应中无这两个扩增片段出现,因而可作为长江种群的鉴别标记．用上述标记检查一些人工养殖的河蟹,发现一些苗种场的蟹苗种质严重混杂．未发现可以区分瓯江种群和辽河种群的标记     

Female choice in the opportunistic mating of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Mahale

For female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, the most common mating pattern is opportunistic. In such opportunistic matings, females copulated promiscuously but not randomly. This study describes female mate choice during 1-year observation of six females who exhibited regular genital-swelling cycles. During the study period, 169 opportunistic matings and four restrictive matings were recorded over the course of 51 days. As female estrus progressed, mating frequency and the number of adult male mating partners increased, although the number of potential mating partners did not change. Criteria of female choice examined were the direction and consent/rejection of courtship, proximity maintenance, and female grooming. Adult-male courtships were successful more often than those of adolescent males. During the earlier phase of estrus, females copulated rather promiscuously with many males. But during the later phase of estrus when the likelihood of conception is expected to be highest, they copulated repeatedly with high-ranking adult males. There was a positive correlation between female grooming frequency and mating frequency when the likelihood of conception was greatest. Female chimpanzees are thought to choose high-ranking males as fathers of their offspring. Moreover, female chimpanzees may adopt one or both of two mating strategies, i.e., a many-male strategy and a best-male strategy. Received: 23 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 1999     

中国沿海地区水资源及生态环境持续利用战略

由于地质和地理条件的特殊性,沿海地区生态环境极其脆弱和敏感。水资源短缺、水环境污染、海水入侵、地面沉降、生态环境退化和海平面上升,已构成我国沿海地区实现可持续发展战略面临的重大资源和环境问题。水资源和生态环境的持续利用,已成为我国沿海地区一项极其重要的战略任务。根据可持续发展理论,通过建立适应水资源持续利用的管理体制、政策和运行机制,采取生态环境可持续保护策略,可完全达到水资源和生态环境的持续利用,并有效实现中国沿海地区资源、环境与经济、社会的有机协调及经济、社会的持续、稳定、健康发展     

Effects of Amazonian flying rivers on frog biodiversity and populations in the Atlantic rainforest

Given the speed at which humans are changing the climate, species with high degrees of endemism may not have time to avoid extinction through adaptation. We investigated through teleconnection analysis the origin of rainfall that determines the phylogenetic diversity of rainforest frogs and the effects of microclimate differences in shaping the morphological traits of isolated populations (which contribute to greater phylogenetic diversity and speciation). We also investigated through teleconnection analysis how deforestation in Amazonia can affect ecosystem services that are fundamental to maintaining the climate of the Atlantic rainforest biodiversity hotspot. Seasonal winds known as flying rivers carry water vapor from Amazonia to the Atlantic Forest, and the breaking of this ecosystem service could lead Atlantic Forest species to population decline and extinction in the short term. Our results suggest that the selection of morphological traits that shape Atlantic Forest frog diversity and their population dynamics are influenced by the Amazonian flying rivers. Our results also suggest that the increases of temperature anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean due to global warming and in the Amazon forest due to deforestation are already breaking this cycle and threaten the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest hotspot.     

长江江豚监测现状及展望

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)是唯一淡水生活的鼠海豚类,近年来种群数量严重下降,2013年被世界自然保护联盟红色名录列为“极度濒危”,2021年升级为我国国家一级重点保护野生动物,2022年种群有所恢复。长江江豚是长江生态系统健康的指示物种,我国科学家自20世纪50年代开始监测至今,监测方法不断更新完善,对长江江豚现状的了解也越来越充分。该文回顾了截线抽样法、水下被动声学及自动实时监测系统、无人机、环境DNA等监测方法的应用及取得的成效,分析监测方法存在的不足,预测技术发展趋势,提出改进建议,为长江江豚的监测及保护提供基本参考。     

大连市近三十年大气环境变化及可持续发展对策

介绍了近三十年来大连市在经济快速发展 ,能源不断增加的情况下 ,空气质量得到明显改善 ,同时针对目前仍然存在的由能源结构不合理、机动车尾气、工业废气及二次扬尘等污染问题提出了发展循环经济、进行结构和布局调整、推进清洁生产、深化环境综合整治及加强立法执法和全民参与等可持续发展对策